Umwanditsi: Yamin Li na Houcheng Liu, n'abandi, bo muri Koleji y'Ubuhinzi bw'Imboga, Kaminuza y'Ubuhinzi y'Amajyepfo y'Ubushinwa

Inkomoko y'Inkuru: Ubuhinzi bw'Imboga

Ubwoko bw'ibigo by'ubuhinzi bw'imboga ahanini burimo amazu akoreshwa mu busitani bwa pulasitiki, amazu akoreshwa mu busitani akoresha imirasire y'izuba, amazu akoreshwa mu busitani akoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'ibimera n'inganda. Kubera ko inyubako z'ibigo zifunga amasoko y'urumuri karemano ku rugero runaka, nta rumuri ruhagije rwo mu nzu, ibyo bigatuma umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'ibihingwa bigabanuka. Kubwibyo, urumuri rw'inyongera rugira uruhare runini mu bihingwa byiza kandi bitanga umusaruro mwinshi by'ikigo, ariko kandi byabaye ikintu gikomeye mu kwiyongera kw'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ikiguzi cy'imikorere muri icyo kigo.

Mu gihe kirekire, amasoko y'urumuri rw'ubukorano akoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'ibimera ahanini arimo itara rya sodium rikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi, itara rya fluorescent, itara rya halogen ry'icyuma, itara rya incandescent, nibindi. Ingaruka zikomeye ni ugukora ubushyuhe bwinshi, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi n'igiciro kinini cyo gukora. Iterambere rya diode nshya isohora urumuri (LED) rituma bishoboka gukoresha urumuri rw'ubukorano rufite ingufu nke mu buhinzi bw'ibimera. LED ifite ibyiza byo gukoresha ingufu nyinshi mu guhindura amashanyarazi, ingufu za DC, ingano nto, kuramba igihe kirekire, gukoresha ingufu nke, uburebure bw'umurambararo, imirasire y'ubushyuhe buke no kurinda ibidukikije. Ugereranyije n'itara rya sodium rikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi n'itara rya fluorescent rikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe, LED ntishobora gusa guhindura ingano n'ubwiza bw'urumuri (ikigereranyo cy'urumuri rutandukanye) bitewe n'ibyo ibimera bikura, kandi ishobora guha ibimera hafi bitewe n'urumuri rwayo rukonje, bityo, umubare w'imiterere y'ubuhinzi n'umuvuduko wo gukoresha umwanya ushobora kunozwa, kandi imikorere yo kuzigama ingufu, kurinda ibidukikije no gukoresha neza umwanya udashobora gusimburwa n'urumuri rusanzwe ishobora kugerwaho.

Hashingiwe kuri izi nyungu, LED yakoreshejwe neza mu matara y’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze ku bidukikije bishobora kugenzurwa, guteza imbere imiterere y’ibimera, gutera imbuto z’inganda z’ibimera n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu kirere. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, imikorere y’amatara y’ibimera bya LED iri kugenda irushaho kuba myiza, igiciro kirimo kugabanuka, kandi ubwoko bwose bw’ibicuruzwa bifite uburebure bwihariye burimo guterwa imbere buhoro buhoro, bityo ikoreshwa ryayo mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ibinyabuzima rizarushaho kuba rinini.

Iyi nkuru ivuga muri make aho ubushakashatsi bwa LED bugeze mu rwego rw'ubuhinzi bw'imboga, yibanda ku ikoreshwa ry'urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED mu rufatiro rw'ibinyabuzima by'urumuri, amatara ya LED akura ku miterere y'urumuri rw'ibimera, ubwiza bw'imirire n'ingaruka zo gutinda gusaza, iyubakwa n'ikoreshwa ry'imashini z'urumuri, kandi igasesengura n'ibiteganyijwe ku bibazo n'ibiteganyijwe ku ikoranabuhanga ry'urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED.

Ingaruka z'urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED ku mikurire y'ibihingwa by'ubuhinzi

Ingaruka z’urumuri ku mikurire n’imikurire y’ibimera zirimo kumera kw’imbuto, kurekura kw’igiti, gukura kw’amababi n’imizi, phototropism, chlorophyll synthesis no kubora, hamwe no gukura kw’indabyo. Ibintu bikikije urumuri muri icyo kigo birimo ubukana bw’urumuri, uruziga rw’urumuri n’ikwirakwizwa rya spectral. Ibintu bishobora guhindurwa hakoreshejwe inyongera y’urumuri rw’ubukorano nta mbogamizi z’ikirere.

Kugeza ubu, hari nibura ubwoko butatu bwa photoreceptors mu bimera: phytochrome (ifata urumuri rutukura n'urumuri rutukura cyane), cryptochrome (ifata urumuri rw'ubururu n'urumuri rwa ultraviolet hafi) na UV-A na UV-B. Gukoresha urumuri rwihariye rw'uburebure bw'umurambararo mu gutwika ibihingwa bishobora kunoza imikorere ya photosynthesis y'ibimera, kwihutisha imiterere y'urumuri, no guteza imbere imikurire n'iterambere ry'ibimera. Urumuri rutukura rw'icunga (610 ~ 720 nm) n'urumuri rw'ubururu rwa violet (400 ~ 510 nm) byakoreshejwe muri fotosinthesisiyo y'ibimera. Hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya LED, urumuri rwa monochromatic (nk'urumuri rutukura rufite uburebure bwa 660 nm, urumuri rw'ubururu rufite uburebure bwa 450 nm, nibindi) rushobora kurabagirana hakurikijwe umurongo ukomeye w'ingufu za chlorophyll, kandi ubugari bwa spectral domain ni ± 20 nm gusa.

Muri iki gihe, bikekwa ko urumuri rw'umutuku-orange ruzatuma ibimera byihuta cyane, rutuma ibintu byumye byiyongera, rugakora utubuto, ibirayi, utubuto tw'amababi n'izindi ngingo z'ibimera, rutuma ibimera bikura kandi bigatanga imbuto kare, kandi rukagira uruhare runini mu kongera amabara y'ibimera; urumuri rw'ubururu n'urumuri rw'umuhondo rushobora kugenzura imiterere y'amababi y'ibimera, rutuma stomata ifunguka kandi ikagenda ihindagurika, rukabuza uburebure bw'igiti, rukabuza ibimera kurekura, rugatinda kurabya kw'ibimera, kandi rugatuma ingingo z'ibimera zikura; guhuza LED zitukura n'ubururu bishobora kwishyura urumuri rudahagije rw'ibara rimwe ry'ibi byombi kandi bigatera uburebure bw'amatara bujyanye na fotositemu y'ibihingwa n'imiterere yabyo. Igipimo cy'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu z'urumuri gishobora kugera kuri 80% kugeza kuri 90%, kandi ingaruka zo kuzigama ingufu ni ingenzi.

Ifite amatara y'inyongera ya LED mu buhinzi bw'ibimera ishobora kugera ku kwiyongera gukomeye mu musaruro. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko umubare w'imbuto, umusaruro wose hamwe n'uburemere bwa buri nyanya y'icyinyo munsi y'urumuri rw'inyongera rwa 300 μmol/(m²·s) imiyoboro ya LED n'imiyoboro ya LED mu gihe cy'amasaha 12 (8:00-20:00) byiyongereye cyane. Urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED rwiyongereyeho 42.67%, 66.89% na 16.97% uko bikurikirana, kandi urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED rwiyongereyeho 48.91%, 94.86% na 30.86% uko bikurikirana. Urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED rw'ibikoresho by'urumuri bya LED mu gihe cyose cyo gukura [igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ni 3:2, kandi ubukana bw'urumuri ni 300 μmol/(m²·s)] rushobora kongera cyane ubwiza n'umusaruro w'imbuto imwe kuri buri gice cya chiehwa na eggplant. Chikuquan yiyongereyeho 5.3% na 15.6%, naho ibirayi byiyongereyeho 7.6% na 7.8%. Binyuze mu bwiza bw'urumuri rwa LED n'ubukana bwarwo n'igihe cyose cyo gukura, uruziga rw'imikurire y'ibimera rushobora kugabanuka, umusaruro w'ubucuruzi, ubwiza bw'imirire n'agaciro k'imiterere y'ibikomoka ku buhinzi bishobora kunozwa, kandi umusaruro w'ibihingwa by'ubuhinzi mu buryo bwiza, buzigama ingufu n'ubuhanga ushobora kugerwaho.

Gukoresha urumuri rw'inyongeramusaruro rwa LED mu guhinga imbuto z'imboga

Kugenzura imiterere y'ibimera n'imikurire n'iterambere ryabyo hakoreshejwe urumuri rwa LED ni ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mu buhinzi bw'ibimera biva mu bimera. Ibimera binini bishobora kumva no kwakira ibimenyetso by'urumuri binyuze muri sisitemu za photoreceptor nka phytochrome, cryptochrome, na photoreceptor, kandi bigahindura imiterere y'ibimera binyuze mu buryo bwo gutuma ibice by'ibimera bigenzurwa. Photomorphogenesis bivuze ko ibimera byishingikiriza ku rumuri kugira ngo bigenzure itandukaniro ry'uturemangingo, impinduka mu miterere n'imikorere yabyo, ndetse no kurema ingingo n'ingingo, harimo n'ingaruka ku kumera kw'imbuto zimwe na zimwe, guteza imbere ubwiganze bw'ibimera, gukumira gukura kw'ibimera ku ruhande, kurekura kw'igiti, no kugabanya ubwiyongere bw'ibimera.

Guhinga ingemwe z'imboga ni igice cy'ingenzi mu buhinzi bw'ibigo. Imvura ikomeje kugwa itera urumuri rudahagije mu kigo, kandi ingemwe zishobora kuramba, ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku mikurire y'imboga, ku mikurire y'indabyo no gukura kw'imbuto, kandi amaherezo bigira ingaruka ku musaruro wazo n'ubwiza bwazo. Mu musaruro, zimwe mu ngamba zigenzura imikurire y'ibimera, nka gibberellin, auxin, paclobutrazol na chlormequat, zikoreshwa mu kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera. Ariko, gukoresha ibipimo bigenga imikurire y'ibimera mu buryo budakwiriye bishobora kwanduza ibidukikije by'imboga n'ibigo, ubuzima bw'abantu bukaba bubi.

Itara ry’inyongera rya LED rifite ibyiza byinshi bidasanzwe by’urumuri rw’inyongera, kandi ni uburyo bushoboka bwo gukoresha urumuri rw’inyongera rwa LED mu kuzamura ingemwe. Mu igerageza rya LED [25±5 μmol/(m²·s)] ryakozwe mu gihe hari urumuri ruto [0~35 μmol/(m²·s)], byagaragaye ko urumuri rw’icyatsi kibisi rutuma ingemwe z’ibishyimbo zikura kandi zigakura. Itara ry’umutuku n’urumuri rw’ubururu bibuza ingemwe gukura. Ugereranyije n’urumuri rusanzwe rudakomeye, igipimo gikomeye cy’ingemwe z’ibishyimbo cyiyongereyeho urumuri rutukura n’ubururu cyiyongereyeho 151.26% na 237.98%, uko bikurikirana. Ugereranyije n’ubwiza bw’urumuri rw’umwero umwe, igipimo cy’ingemwe zikomeye zirimo ibice bitukura n’ubururu biri mu miti y’urumuri rw’inyongera cyariyongereyeho 304.46%.

Kongera urumuri rutukura ku bimera by'inyanya bishobora kongera umubare w'amababi nyayo, ubuso bw'amababi, uburebure bw'ibimera, umurambararo w'igiti, ubwiza bw'umusemburo w'imbuto z'inyanya bushobora kongera umubare w'amababi nyayo, ubuso bw'amababi, uburebure bw'ibimera, uburebure bw'umuzi, imikorere ya SOD n'ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu bimera by'inyanya. Kongera UV-B bishobora kongera umubare wa chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b na carotenoids mu mababi y'ibimera by'inyanya. Ugereranije n'urumuri rusanzwe, kongerera urumuri rutukura n'ubururu rwa LED bishobora kongera cyane ubuso bw'amababi, ubwiza bw'ibintu byumye n'ingano ikomeye y'ibimera by'inyanya. Kongera urumuri rutukura rwa LED n'urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi byongera cyane uburebure n'ubugari bw'ibimera by'inyanya. Uburyo bwo kuvura urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi rwa LED bushobora kongera cyane ingano y'ibimera by'inyanya n'inyanya, kandi uburemere bushya n'ubwumye bw'ibimera bwiyongera uko urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi rwiyongera, mu gihe igiti kinini n'ingano ikomeye y'ibimera by'inyanya byose bikurikira urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi. Ubwiyongere bw'imbaraga buriyongera. Guhuza urumuri rutukura n'ubururu rwa LED bishobora kongera ubunini bw'igiti, ubuso bw'amababi, uburemere bwumye bw'igihingwa cyose, ikigereranyo cy'imizi ku ruti, n'ingano ikomeye y'ibimera by'ibimera. Ugereranyije n'urumuri rw'umweru, urumuri rutukura rwa LED rushobora kongera ingano y'ibimera by'ibijumba no guteza imbere gukura no kwaguka kw'amababi y'ibijumba. Urumuri rw'ubururu rwa LED rutuma ibimera by'ibijumba bikura cyane, bikusanyiriza hamwe ibintu byumye kandi bigatuma ibimera by'ibijumba bikomera, kandi bigatuma ibimera by'ibijumba biba bito. Ibisubizo byavuzwe haruguru bigaragaza ko ibyiza by'ibimera by'imboga bihingwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura urumuri bigaragara cyane.

Ingaruka z'urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED ku mirire y'imbuto n'imboga

Poroteyine, isukari, aside organic na vitamine biri mu mbuto n'imboga ni byo bikoresho by'intungamubiri bifitiye akamaro ubuzima bw'abantu. Ubwiza bw'urumuri bushobora kugira ingaruka ku ngano ya VC mu bimera binyuze mu kugenzura imikorere ya VC synthesis no kubora enzyme, kandi bushobora kugenzura imikorere ya poroteyine n'ubwiyongere bwa karubohidrati mu bimera by'ubuhinzi. Umucyo utukura utera imbaraga mu kwikusanya karubohidrati, kuvura urumuri rw'ubururu ni ingirakamaro mu gukora poroteyine, mu gihe guhuza urumuri rutukura n'urw'ubururu bishobora kunoza ubwiza bw'intungamubiri z'ibimera kurusha urw'urumuri rumwe.

Kongeramo urumuri rwa LED rutukura cyangwa ubururu bishobora kugabanya ingano ya nitrati muri salade, kongeramo urumuri rwa LED rw'ubururu cyangwa icyatsi kibisi bishobora gutuma isukari ishongera mu salade yiyongera, kandi kongeramo urumuri rwa LED rw'infrared bishobora gutuma VC yiyongera muri salade. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko inyongera y'urumuri rw'ubururu ishobora kongera ingano ya VC n'ingano ya poroteyine ishongera mu nyanya; urumuri rutukura n'urumuri rw'ubururu rutukura bishobora kongera ingano y'isukari n'aside mu mbuto z'inyanya, kandi igipimo cy'isukari kuri aside cyari cyo hejuru cyane munsi y'urumuri rw'ubururu rutukura; urumuri rw'ubururu rutukura rushobora kongera ingano ya VC mu mbuto z'ingurube.

Fenoli, flavonoids, anthocyanines n'ibindi bintu biri mu mbuto n'imboga ntabwo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ibara, uburyohe n'agaciro k'imbuto n'imboga gusa, ahubwo bigira n'imikorere karemano ya antioxydants, kandi bishobora gukumira cyangwa gukuraho neza radicals libre mu mubiri w'umuntu.

Gukoresha urumuri rw'ubururu bwa LED mu kongera urumuri bishobora kongera cyane ingano ya anthocyanin mu ruhu rw'ibimera ku kigero cya 73.6%, mu gihe gukoresha urumuri rutukura rwa LED no guhuza urumuri rutukura n'ubururu bishobora kongera ingano ya flavonoids na phenols zose. Urumuri rw'ubururu rushobora gutuma lycopene, flavonoids na anthocyanin ziyongera mu mbuto z'inyanya. Guhuza urumuri rutukura n'ubururu bituma habaho ikorwa rya anthocyanin ku rugero runaka, ariko bikabuza ingano ya flavonoids. Ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuvura urumuri rw'umweru, uburyo bwo kuvura urumuri rutukura bushobora kongera cyane ingano ya anthocyanin mu mishibu ya lettuce, ariko uburyo bwo kuvura urumuri rw'ubururu bufite ingano ntoya ya anthocyanin. Ingano yose ya phenol mu mababi y'icyatsi kibisi, amababi y'umuhengeri n'amababi y'umutuku yari hejuru mu gihe cy'urumuri rw'umweru, urumuri rutukura n'ubururu hamwe n'urumuri rw'ubururu, ariko ni bwo bwari buke cyane mu gihe cyo kuvura urumuri rutukura. Kongera urumuri rwa ultraviolet rwa LED cyangwa urumuri rw'umuhondo bishobora kongera ingano ya phenolic mu mababi ya lettuce, mu gihe uburyo bwo kuvura urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi bushobora kongera ingano ya anthocyanin. Bityo rero, gukoresha urumuri rwa LED ni uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ubwiza bw'intungamubiri z'imbuto n'imboga mu buhinzi bw'imboga.

Ingaruka z'urumuri rw'inyongera rwa LED ku kurwanya gusaza kw'ibimera

Kwangirika kwa chlorophyll, gutakaza vuba poroteyine no gushonga kwa RNA mu gihe cy'ubukure bw'ibimera bigaragarira cyane cyane mu gihe cy'ubukure bw'ibimera. Chloroplast zikunze cyane impinduka mu miterere y'urumuri rwo hanze, cyane cyane zigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'urumuri. Urumuri rutukura, urumuri rw'ubururu n'urumuri ruvanze rw'umutuku n'ubururu bihuza bigira ingaruka mbi ku mikurire ya chloroplast. Guhuza urumuri rw'ubururu n'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu bishobora gutuma chlorophyll ikorwa mu mababi y'imbuto z'ibishyimbo, kandi guhuza urumuri rutukura n'ubururu nabyo bishobora gutinza ingano ya chlorophyll mu mababi y'imbuto z'ibishyimbo mu cyiciro cya nyuma. Iyi ngaruka igaragara cyane iyo ingano y'urumuri rutukura igabanutse kandi ingano y'urumuri rw'ubururu yiyongera. Ingano ya chlorophyll mu mababi y'imbuto z'ibishyimbo ...

Mu gihe cyo gusaza, hari cytokinine (CTK), auxin (IAA), impinduka mu bipimo bya aside abscisic (ABA) hamwe n'impinduka zitandukanye mu mikorere ya enzyme. Ingano y'imisemburo y'ibimera igirwaho ingaruka zoroshye n'ikirere cy'urumuri. Imiterere itandukanye y'urumuri igira ingaruka zitandukanye ku misemburo y'ibimera, kandi intambwe za mbere z'inzira y'urumuri zijyana na cytokinine.

CTK itera imbere kwaguka kw'uturemangingo tw'amababi, yongera imikorere ya fotosite y'amababi, mu gihe ibuza imikorere ya ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease na poroteyine, kandi igatinza kwangirika kwa aside nucleic, poroteyine na chlorophyll, bityo ishobora gutinza cyane gusaza kw'amababi. Hariho imikoranire hagati y'urumuri n'amabwiriza y'iterambere ashingiye kuri CTK, kandi urumuri rushobora gutera imbaraga ubwiyongere bw'urugero rwa cytokinin y'umwimerere. Iyo ingirabuzimafatizo z'ibimera ziri mu gihe cyo gusaza, ingano ya cytokinin y'umwimerere yazo iragabanuka.

IAA ikunze kwibanda ku bice by’imikurire ikomeye, kandi nta kintu kinini kiba mu ngingo cyangwa mu ngingo zishaje. Umucyo w’urumuri rw’ibara rya violet ushobora kongera imikorere ya aside oxidase ya indole acetic, kandi urugero ruto rwa IAA rushobora kubuza uburebure n’imikurire y’ibimera.

ABA ikunze kugaragara mu mashami y’amababi y’ubururu, imbuto zikuze, imbuto, imizi, n’ibindi bice. Ingano ya ABA iri mu bimera by’amashu n’amashu iyo bivanze n’urumuri rutukura n’ubururu ni nkeya ugereranyije n’urumuri rwera n’urumuri rw’ubururu.

Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) ni enzymes zirinda ibimera kandi zifitanye isano n'urumuri. Iyo ibimera bishaje, imikorere y'izi enzymes izagabanuka vuba.

Imiterere itandukanye y'urumuri igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa bya enzymes zo kurwanya antioxidant y'ibimera. Nyuma y'iminsi 9 yo kuvurwa n'urumuri rutukura, imikorere ya APX y'imbuto za rape yariyongereye cyane, kandi imikorere ya POD iragabanuka. Umurimo wa POD w'inyanya nyuma y'iminsi 15 y'urumuri rutukura n'urumuri rw'ubururu wari hejuru y'uw'urumuri rwera ku kigero cya 20.9% na 11.7%, uko bikurikirana. Nyuma y'iminsi 20 yo kuvurwa n'urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi, imikorere ya POD y'inyanya yari hasi cyane, 55.4% gusa by'urumuri rwera. Kongera urumuri rw'ubururu rw'amasaha 4 bishobora kongera cyane ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha, imikorere ya POD, SOD, APX, na CAT mu mababi ya concombre mu gihe cy'imbuto. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa bya SOD na APX byagabanutse buhoro buhoro uko urumuri rukomeza. Umurimo wa SOD na APX munsi y'urumuri rw'ubururu n'urumuri rutukura ugabanuka buhoro buhoro ariko buri gihe uba uri hejuru kuruta uw'urumuri rwera. Imirasire y'urumuri rutukura yagabanyije cyane imikorere ya peroxidase na IAA peroxidase mu mababi y'inyanya na IAA peroxidase mu mababi y'ibirayi, ariko byatumye imikorere ya peroxidase mu mababi y'ibirayi yiyongera cyane. Bityo rero, gushyiraho ingamba zikwiye zo gukoresha urumuri rw’inyongera rwa LED bishobora gutinza gusaza kw’ibihingwa by’ubuhinzi bw’imboga no kongera umusaruro n’ubwiza.

Kubaka no gukoresha formula y'urumuri rwa LED

Imikurire n'iterambere ry'ibimera bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza bw'urumuri n'ibipimo bitandukanye by'imiterere yarwo. Uburyo bw'urumuri bukubiyemo ahanini ibintu byinshi nko ubwiza bw'urumuri, ubukana bw'urumuri, n'igihe cy'urumuri. Kubera ko ibimera bitandukanye bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye ku rumuri n'ibihe bitandukanye byo gukura no gukura, guhuza neza ubwiza bw'urumuri, ubukana bw'urumuri n'igihe cy'inyongera y'urumuri ni byo bisabwa ku bihingwa bihingwa.

 ◆Igipimo cy'urumuri

Ugereranyije n'urumuri rw'umweru n'urumuri rumwe rutukura n'ubururu, guhuza urumuri rw'umutuku n'ubururu bya LED bifite inyungu nyinshi mu mikurire n'iterambere ry'imbuto z'ibijumba n'amashu.

Iyo igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ari 8:2, ubugari bw'igiti cy'ikimera, uburebure bw'ikimera, uburemere bw'ikimera cyumye, uburemere bushya, igipimo gikomeye cy'imbuto, nibindi, byiyongera cyane, kandi binagira akamaro mu ikorwa rya chloroplast matrix na basal lamella ndetse n'umusaruro w'ibintu bihurirana n'ibindi.

Gukoresha ubwoko bw'umutuku, icyatsi n'ubururu ku mishinga y'ibishyimbo bitukura ni ingirakamaro ku mishinga yayo yumye, kandi urumuri rw'icyatsi rushobora gutuma imitsi y'ibishyimbo bitukura yiyongera. Ikura rigaragara cyane iyo igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura, icyatsi n'ubururu ari 6:2:1. Ingaruka zo kurekura kw'ibihingwa by'ibishyimbo bitukura byari byiza cyane munsi y'igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu cya 8:1, naho kurekura kw'ibishyimbo bitukura bya hypocotyl byari bibujijwe bigaragara munsi y'igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu cya 6:3, ariko ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha niyo yari hejuru cyane.

Iyo igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ari 8:1 ku mbuto za loofah, igipimo gikomeye cy'imbuto n'isukari ishongesha mu mbuto za loofah ni byo biri hejuru cyane. Iyo ukoresheje urumuri rufite igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu cya 6:3, igipimo cya chlorophyll, igipimo cya chlorophyll a/b, n'igipimo cya poroteyine ishongesha mu mbuto za loofah ni byo byari hejuru cyane.

Iyo ukoresheje igipimo cya 3:1 cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ugereranije na seleri, bishobora gutuma uburebure bw'ibimera bya seleri bwiyongera, uburebure bwa petiole, umubare w'amababi, ubwiza bw'ibintu byumye, ingano ya VC, ingano ya poroteyine ishonga n'ingano y'isukari ishonga. Mu buhinzi bw'inyanya, kongera igipimo cy'urumuri rw'ubururu rwa LED bitera ikorwa rya lycopene, aside amine na flavonoids, kandi kongera igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura bitera ikorwa rya aside zishobora kuboneka. Iyo urumuri rufite igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ku mababi ya salade ari 8:1, bigira akamaro mu kwikusanya kwa carotenoids, kandi bigabanya neza ingano ya nitrate kandi byongera ingano ya VC.

 ◆Ubukana bw'urumuri

Ibimera bikura mu rumuri rudakomeye bibasirwa cyane no kutagira urumuri ruhagije kuruta mu rumuri rwinshi. Igipimo cy’urumuri rw’inyanya mu gukora photosynthesis kiriyongera uko urumuri rwinshi [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550μmol/(m²·s)] rwiyongera, bigaragaza ko bitangira kwiyongera hanyuma bikagabanuka, kandi kuri 300μmol/(m²·s) kugira ngo bigere ku rugero ntarengwa. Uburebure bw’ibimera, ubuso bw’amababi, ingano y’amazi n’ingano ya VC ya salade byiyongereye cyane munsi ya 150μmol/(m²·s). Mu gihe cy’urumuri rwinshi 200μmol/(m²·s), uburemere bushya, uburemere bwose hamwe n’ingano ya aside amine yigenga byariyongereye cyane, kandi mu gihe cy’urumuri rwinshi 300μmol/(m²·s), ubuso bw’amababi, ingano y’amazi, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b na carotenoids za salade byose byaragabanutse. Ugereranyije n'umwijima, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'urumuri rwa LED [3, 9, 15 μmol/(m²·s)], ingano ya chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, na chlorophyll a+b y'imimero y'ibishyimbo byirabura yariyongereye cyane. Ingano ya VC iri hejuru kuri 3μmol/(m²·s), kandi poroteyine ishongesha, isukari ishongesha n'ingano ya sucrose ni yo iri hejuru kuri 9μmol/(m²·s). Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bumwe, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'urumuri [(2~2.5)lx×103 lx, (4~4.5)lx×103 lx, (6~6.5)lx×103 lx], igihe cy'imbuto z'urusenda kiragabanuka, ingano y'isukari ishongesha yariyongera, ariko ingano ya chlorophyll a na carotenoids yaragabanutse buhoro buhoro.

 ◆Igihe cy'urumuri

Kongera igihe cy'urumuri neza bishobora kugabanya ikibazo cy'urumuri ruto ruterwa n'ubushyuhe budahagije bw'urumuri ku rugero runaka, bigafasha ubwiyongere bw'ibikomoka kuri photosynthesis mu bihingwa by'ubuhinzi, kandi bikagera ku ngaruka zo kongera umusaruro no kunoza ubwiza. Ingano ya VC mu bimera byagaragaje ko bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro uko igihe cy'urumuri kigenda cyongera (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20h ku munsi), mu gihe ingano ya aside amine yigenga, ibikorwa bya SOD na CAT byose byagaragaje ko bigenda bigabanuka. Uko igihe cy'urumuri cyagendaga cyongera (12, 15, 18h), uburemere bushya bw'ibimera by'amashu by'Abashinwa bwariyongereye cyane. Ingano ya VC mu mababi n'ibishishwa by'amashu by'Abashinwa yari hejuru cyane ku masaha 15 na 12h, uko bikurikirana. Ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu mababi y'amashu y'Abashinwa yagabanutse buhoro buhoro, ariko ingano zari nyinshi nyuma y'amasaha 15h. Ingano y'isukari ishongesha mu mababi y'amashu y'Abashinwa yagendaga yiyongera buhoro buhoro, mu gihe ingano zari nyinshi cyane ku masaha 12h. Iyo igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ari 1:2, ugereranije n'igihe cy'urumuri cy'amasaha 12, kuvura urumuri rw'amasaha 20 bigabanya ingano ya phenol na flavonoide zose muri salade y'icyatsi kibisi, ariko iyo igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ari 2:1, kuvura urumuri rw'amasaha 20 byongereye cyane ingano ya phenol na flavonoid zose muri salade y'icyatsi kibisi.

Dukurikije ibyavuzwe haruguru, bigaragara ko uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha urumuri bufite ingaruka zitandukanye kuri fotosite, fotomorphogenesis na metabolism ya karuboni na azote mu moko atandukanye y'ibihingwa. Uburyo bwo kubona formula nziza y'urumuri, imiterere y'urumuri n'uburyo bwo gushyiraho ingamba zo kugenzura neza bisaba ubwoko bw'ibimera nk'aho ari ho hatangirwa, kandi, hagomba gukorwa impinduka zikwiye hakurikijwe ibyo ibihingwa by'ubuhinzi bikenera, intego z'umusaruro, ibintu by'umusaruro, nibindi, kugira ngo intego yo kugenzura neza ibidukikije by'urumuri n'ibihingwa by'ubuhinzi bifite ubwiza kandi bitanga umusaruro mwinshi igerweho mu gihe cyo kuzigama ingufu.

Ibibazo n'ibiteganyijwe bihari

Akamaro gakomeye k'urumuri rwa LED ni uko rushobora guhinduranya neza ukurikije imiterere y'ibikenewe mu bijyanye n'ubushyuhe, imiterere, ubwiza n'umusaruro w'ibimera bitandukanye. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibihingwa n'ibihe bitandukanye byo gukura by'igihingwa kimwe byose bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugira ngo urumuri rube rwiza, ubukana bw'urumuri n'igihe cyo gufotora. Ibi bisaba iterambere rirambuye no kunoza ubushakashatsi ku matara y'urumuri kugira ngo hakorwe ububiko bunini bw'amatara y'urumuri. Hamwe n'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'amatara y'umwuga, agaciro ntarengwa k'amatara y'inyongera ya LED mu buhinzi gashobora kugerwaho, kugira ngo habeho kuzigama ingufu, kunoza umusaruro n'inyungu z'ubukungu. Gukoresha amatara y'inyongera ya LED mu buhinzi bw'ibimera byagaragaje imbaraga nyinshi, ariko igiciro cy'ibikoresho by'urumuri rwa LED kiri hejuru cyane, kandi ishoramari rya rimwe ni rinini. Ibisabwa ku matara y'inyongera ku bihingwa bitandukanye mu bihe bitandukanye by'ibidukikije ntibisobanutse neza, ubukana bw'amatara y'inyongera, Ubukana budasanzwe n'igihe cy'urumuri rw'ibihingwa bizatera ibibazo bitandukanye mu ikoreshwa ry'inganda z'amatara y'ibihingwa.

Ariko, hamwe n’iterambere n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ndetse no kugabanuka kw’ikiguzi cyo gukora urumuri rw’ibihingwa bya LED, amatara y’inyongera ya LED azakoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi bw’imboga. Muri icyo gihe, iterambere n’iterambere rya sisitemu y’ikoranabuhanga ry’urumuri rw’inyongera rwa LED hamwe no guhuza ingufu nshya bizatuma iterambere ryihuse ry’ubuhinzi bw’imboga, ubuhinzi bw’imiryango, ubuhinzi bwo mu mijyi n’ubuhinzi bwo mu kirere kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyo abantu bakeneye ku bihingwa by’imboga mu turere twihariye.