Umwanditsi: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, n'abandi. Isoko ry'Itangazamakuru: Ikoranabuhanga mu by'Ubuhinzi (ubuhinzi bw'ibimera bihumanya ikirere)

Uruganda ruhuza inganda zigezweho, ikoranabuhanga rya biotechnology, hydroponics n'ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho kugira ngo rushyire mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura neza ibintu bidukikije muri urwo ruganda. Rufunze neza, rufite ibisabwa bike ku bidukikije, rugabanya igihe cyo gusarura ibimera, rukagabanya amazi n'ifumbire, kandi hamwe n'ibyiza byo gukora imiti idakoresha imiti yica udukoko kandi nta myanda isohoka, urwego rw'ubutaka rufite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ubutaka inshuro 40 kugeza 108 kurusha uruganda rukora mu gasozi. Muri zo, urumuri rw'ubukorano rufite ubwenge n'amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije bifite uruhare runini mu mikorere yarwo.

Nk’ikintu cy’ingenzi mu bidukikije, urumuri rugira uruhare runini mu kugenzura imikurire y’ibimera n’imikorere y’ibikoresho. “Kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bigize uruganda ni isoko yuzuye y’urumuri rw’ubukorano no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije by’urumuri” byabaye ikintu cyumvikana muri rusange mu nganda.

Ibimera bikeneye urumuri

Umucyo ni wo soko yonyine y’ingufu zikomoka kuri fotositemu y’ibimera. Ubukana bw’urumuri, ubwiza bw’urumuri (spectrum) hamwe n’impinduka z’urumuri buri gihe bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikurire n’iterambere ry’ibihingwa, muri byo ubukana bw’urumuri bugira ingaruka zikomeye kuri fotositemu y’ibimera.

■ Ubukana bw'urumuri

Ubukana bw'urumuri bushobora guhindura imiterere y'ibihingwa, nko kurabya indabyo, uburebure bwa internode, ubugari bw'igiti, n'ingano n'ubugari bw'amababi. Ibisabwa ku bimera kugira ngo urumuri rube rwinshi bishobora kugabanywamo ibimera bikunda urumuri, ibikunda urumuri ruringaniye, n'ibimera bidashobora kwihanganira urumuri rwinshi. Imboga ahanini ni ibimera bikunda urumuri, kandi aho urumuri rugarukira n'aho urumuri rugera ni henshi. Mu nganda z'ibimera bitanga urumuri rw'ubukorano, ibisabwa ku bihingwa kugira ngo urumuri rube rwinshi ni ishingiro ry'ingenzi ryo guhitamo amasoko y'urumuri rw'ubukorano. Gusobanukirwa ibisabwa n'urumuri rw'ibimera bitandukanye ni ingenzi mu gushushanya amasoko y'urumuri rw'ubukorano, Ni ngombwa cyane kunoza imikorere y'uburyo bwo gukora.

■ Ubwiza bw'urumuri

Ikwirakwizwa ry'urumuri (spectral) rifite kandi ingaruka zikomeye ku bijyanye na fotositeyine y'ibimera na morphogenesis (Ishusho ya 1). Umucyo ni igice cy'imirasire, kandi imirasire ni umuraba wa electromagnetique. Imiraba ya electromagnetique ifite imiterere y'umuraba n'imiterere ya quantum (particle). Quantum y'urumuri yitwa fotone mu murima w'ubuhinzi. Imirasire ifite uburebure bw'umuraba bwa 300 ~ 800nm ​​yitwa imirasire ikora ku bimera; naho imirasire ifite uburebure bw'umuraba bwa 400 ~ 700nm yitwa imirasire ikora ku bimera (photosynthetically active radiation - PAR).

Chlorophyll na carotene ni byo bipimo bibiri by'ingenzi muri fotositeyine y'ibimera. Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza uburyo fotositeyine y'ibimera ifata imiterere ya spectral ya buri fotositeyine, aho fotositeyine y'ibimera ifata chlorophyll iba yiganje mu duce dutukura n'ubururu. Sisitemu y'urumuri ishingiye ku byo ibimera bikenera kugira ngo byongere urumuri mu buryo bw'ubukorano, kugira ngo biteze imbere fotositeyine y'ibimera.

■ igihe cyo gufata amashusho
Isano iri hagati ya fotositesi na fotomofozize y'ibimera n'uburebure bw'umunsi (cyangwa igihe cyo gufotora) byitwa fotoperioditi y'ibimera. fotoperioditi ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'amasaha y'urumuri, yerekeza ku gihe umusaruro uterwa n'urumuri. Ibihingwa bitandukanye bisaba amasaha runaka y'urumuri kugira ngo fotoperiodi irangize igihe cyo gufotora kugira ngo irangize kandi yere imbuto. Dukurikije ibihe bitandukanye byo gufotora, ishobora kugabanywamo ibihingwa bimara umunsi munini, nk'amashu, nibindi, bisaba amasaha arenga 12-14 y'urumuri ku cyiciro runaka cy'ikura ryayo; ibihingwa bimara umunsi muto, nk'ibitunguru, soya, nibindi, bisaba amasaha ari munsi ya 12-14 yo kubona urumuri; ibihingwa bimara izuba riciriritse, nk'inkeri, inyanya, urusenda, nibindi, bishobora kurabya no kwera imbuto munsi y'izuba rirerire cyangwa rigufi.
Mu bintu bitatu bigize ibidukikije, ubukana bw'urumuri ni ishingiro ry'ingenzi mu guhitamo amasoko y'urumuri rw'ubukorano. Muri iki gihe, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kugaragaza ubukana bw'urumuri, cyane cyane burimo ibi bikurikira bitatu.
（1）Umucyo yerekeza ku bucucike bw'ubuso bw'urumuri (urumuri kuri buri gice cy'ubuso) rwakirwa mu kirere cy'urumuri, muri lux (lx).

（2）Imirasire ikora hakoreshejwe fotosite, PAR，Icyiciro: W/m²。

（3）Ubucucike bwa photon flux bukoresha fotosynthesis PPFD cyangwa PPF ni umubare w'imirasire ikoresha fotosynthesis igera cyangwa inyura mu gihe cy'igice n'agace k'igice, igice：μmol/(m²·s).Byerekeza ahanini ku bushyuhe bw'urumuri rwa 400 ~ 700nm rufitanye isano itaziguye na fotosynthesis. Ni na cyo kimenyetso gikoreshwa cyane mu bijyanye n'umusaruro w'ibimera.

Isesengura ry'inkomoko y'urumuri rw'uburyo busanzwe bw'urumuri rw'inyongera
Inyongeramusaruro y'urumuri rw'ubukorano ni iyo kongera ubukana bw'urumuri mu gace kagenewe cyangwa kongera igihe cy'urumuri binyuze mu gushyiraho sisitemu y'urumuri rw'inyongera kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa n'urumuri rw'ibimera. Muri rusange, sisitemu y'urumuri rw'inyongera irimo ibikoresho by'urumuri by'inyongera, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'uburyo bwo kuyigenzura. Amatara y'inyongera ahanini arimo ubwoko bwinshi busanzwe nka amatara y'inyongera, amatara y'urumuri, amatara y'icyuma ya halide, amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi na LED. Bitewe n'ubushobozi buke bw'amashanyarazi n'amatara y'inyongera, ingufu nke za fotositike n'ibindi bibazo, isoko ryabikuyeho, bityo iyi ngingo ntabwo ikora isesengura rirambuye.

■ Itara ritanga urumuri
Amatara ashyushye ni ayo mu bwoko bw'amatara asohora umwuka muke. Umuyoboro w'ikirahure wuzuyemo umwuka wa mercure cyangwa umwuka utagira ingufu, kandi urukuta rw'imbere rw'umuyoboro rutwikiriwe n'ifu y'urumuri. Ibara ry'urumuri riratandukanye bitewe n'ibikoresho bishyushye bitwikiriwe n'umuyoboro. Amatara ashyushye afite imikorere myiza ya spectral, imikorere myiza y'urumuri, ingufu nke, amara igihe kirekire (12000h) ugereranije n'amatara ashyushye, kandi ahendutse cyane. Kubera ko itara rishyushye ubwaryo ritanga ubushyuhe buke, rishobora kuba hafi y'ibimera kugira ngo ribone urumuri kandi rikwiriye guhinga mu buryo butatu. Ariko, imiterere ya spectral y'itara rishyushye ntabwo ikwiye. Uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa ku isi ni ukongeramo reflectors kugira ngo wongere umusaruro w'ibice by'urumuri by'ibihingwa mu gace gahingwamo. Isosiyete y'Abayapani ikora ibijyanye n'ubuhinzi nayo yateguye ubwoko bushya bw'amatara y'inyongera ya HEFL. Mu by'ukuri HEFL iri mu cyiciro cy'amatara ashyushye. Ni ijambo rusange ry'amatara ashyushye ya cathode (CCFL) n'amatara ashyushye ya electrode (EEFL), kandi ni itara rivanze rya electrode fluorescent. Umuyoboro wa HEFL ni muto cyane, ufite umurambararo wa mm 4 gusa, kandi uburebure bushobora guhindurwa kuva kuri mm 450 kugeza kuri mm 1200 bitewe n'ibikenewe mu buhinzi. Ni verisiyo nziza y'itara risanzwe rikoresha fluorescent.

■ Itara rya halide ry'icyuma
Itara rya halide y'icyuma ni itara risohora urumuri rifite imbaraga nyinshi rishobora gukurura ibintu bitandukanye kugira ngo bikore uburebure butandukanye bw'urumuri binyuze mu kongeramo halide zitandukanye z'icyuma (tin bromide, sodium iyode, nibindi) mu muyoboro usohora urumuri hashingiwe ku itara rya mercure rifite umuvuduko mwinshi. Amatara ya halogen afite umuvuduko mwinshi w'urumuri, imbaraga nyinshi, ibara ryiza ry'urumuri, amara igihe kirekire, kandi afite spectrum nini. Ariko, kubera ko umuvuduko w'urumuri ari muto ugereranyije n'uw'amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi, kandi igihe cy'ubuzima kikaba gito ugereranyije n'icy'amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi, ubu akoreshwa gusa mu nganda nke z'inganda.

■ Itara rya sodium rishyushye cyane
Amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi ni amwe mu matara asohora umwuka ufite umuvuduko mwinshi. Itara rya sodium rifite umuvuduko mwinshi ni itara rikoresha amashanyarazi menshi aho umwuka wa sodium ufite umuvuduko mwinshi wuzura mu muyoboro usohora umwuka, hanyuma hongerwamo xenon (Xe) na halide y'icyuma cya mercury. Kubera ko amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi afite ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi ku buryo buhanitse, kandi ibiciro byo gukora ni bike, amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi ni yo akoreshwa cyane mu gukoresha urumuri rw'inyongera mu nganda z'ubuhinzi. Ariko, bitewe n'intege nke z'ubushobozi buke bwo gukora fotosinte mu buryo bwazo, afite intege nke z'ubushobozi buke bwo gukoresha ingufu. Ku rundi ruhande, ibice bya spectral bisohoka n'amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi byiganje mu rumuri rw'umuhondo-orange, rudafite spectra itukura n'ubururu ikenewe kugira ngo ibimera bikure.

■ Diode isohora urumuri
Nk'ikigero gishya cy'amasoko y'urumuri, diode zitanga urumuri (LED) zifite ibyiza byinshi nko kuba zifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi, spectrum ishobora guhinduka, ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo gukora fotosynthesis bwinshi. LED ishobora gutanga urumuri rwa monochromatic rukenewe kugira ngo ibimera bikure neza. Ugereranyije n'amatara asanzwe ya fluorescent n'andi matara y'inyongera, LED ifite ibyiza byo kuzigama ingufu, kurinda ibidukikije, kuramba, urumuri rwa monochromatic, isoko y'urumuri rukonje n'ibindi. Hamwe no kunoza imikorere ya electro-optical ya LED no kugabanya ikiguzi giterwa n'ingaruka z'ubunini, sisitemu z'urumuri rwa LED zizahinduka ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo kongera urumuri mu nganda z'ubuhinzi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amatara ya LED amaze gukoreshwa ku nganda zirenga 99.9%.

Mu kugereranya, imiterere y'amasoko atandukanye y'urumuri rw'inyongera ishobora kumvikana neza, nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1.

Igikoresho cy'amatara kigendanwa
Ubukana bw'urumuri bufitanye isano rya hafi n'imikurire y'ibihingwa. Ubuhinzi bw'ibice bitatu bukunze gukoreshwa mu nganda z'ibimera. Ariko, bitewe n'imiterere y'ibice by'ubuhinzi, gukwirakwiza urumuri n'ubushyuhe hagati y'ibice binini bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibihingwa kandi igihe cyo gusarura ntikizahuzwa. Hari ikigo cyo muri Beijing cyakoze neza igikoresho cy'inyongeramusaruro w'amatara yo guterura n'intoki (icyuma cy'amatara cya HPS n'icyuma cy'amatara ya LED) mu 2010. Ihame ni ukuzunguruka umugozi w'imodoka n'icyuma gifata umuyaga ugishyiraho unyeganyeza umugozi kugira ngo uzunguruke agace gato k'icyuma kugira ngo ugere ku ntego yo gusubiza inyuma no gufungura umugozi w'insinga. Umugozi w'urumuri rw'izuba uhujwe n'uruziga ruzunguruka rw'izuba binyuze mu mapine menshi asubira inyuma, kugira ngo hagerwe ku ngaruka zo guhindura uburebure bw'urumuri rw'izuba. Mu 2017, ikigo cyavuzwe haruguru cyashushanyije kandi gitegura igikoresho gishya cy'inyongeramusaruro cy'amatara agendanwa, gishobora guhindura uburebure bw'inyongeramusaruro mu gihe nyacyo hakurikijwe ibikenewe mu mikurire y'ibihingwa. Igikoresho cyo guhindura ubu cyashyizwe ku gikoresho cy'inyongeramusaruro cy'ubwoko bwa 3-layer source lift source three-dimensional cultured rack. Igice cyo hejuru cy'igikoresho ni cyo gifite urumuri rwiza cyane, bityo gifite amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi; igice cyo hagati n'igice cyo hasi bifite amatara ya LED yo gukuraho ndetse n'uburyo bwo guterura. Gishobora guhindura uburebure bw'urumuri rw'izuba kugira ngo gitange ahantu heza ho kumurikira imyaka.

Ugereranyije n'igikoresho cy'urumuri rugendanwa cyagenewe guhinga mu buryo butatu, Ubuholandi bwakoze igikoresho cy'urumuri rukura rwa LED rushobora kwimurwa mu buryo butambitse. Kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka z'igicucu cy'urumuri rukura ku mikurire y'ibimera ku zuba, sisitemu y'urumuri rukura ishobora gusunikwa ku mpande zombi z'agace kabigenewe binyuze mu gice cy'urumuri cya telesikope mu cyerekezo kitambitse, kugira ngo izuba ribone imirasire ku bimera; mu minsi y'ibicu n'imvura nta zuba ry'izuba, Kanda sisitemu y'urumuri rukura hagati mu gice kugira ngo urumuri rw'urumuri rukura rwuzure ibimera neza; wimure sisitemu y'urumuri rukura mu buryo butambitse unyuze mu gice cy'urumuri kiri ku gice, wirinde gusenya no gukuraho kenshi sisitemu y'urumuri rukura, kandi ugabanye imbaraga z'abakozi, bityo bikanoza neza imikorere y'akazi.

Ibitekerezo byo gushushanya sisitemu isanzwe y'urumuri rwo gukura
Ntibigoye kubona mu buryo bwo gushushanya igikoresho cy’inyongera cy’amatara agendanwa ko igishushanyo mbonera cy’urumuri rw’inyongera rw’uruganda ubusanzwe gifata ubukana bw’urumuri, ubwiza bw’urumuri n’ibipimo by’igihe cy’izamuka ry’ibihingwa nk’ibikubiye mu gishushanyo mbonera, hishingikirijwe ku buryo bw’ubwenge bwo kugenzura kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa, kugera ku ntego nyamukuru yo kuzigama ingufu no gutanga umusaruro mwinshi.

Kuri ubu, igishushanyo mbonera n'uburyo bwo kubaka urumuri rw'inyongera ku mboga z'amababi byagiye bikura buhoro buhoro. Urugero, imboga z'amababi zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: icyiciro cy'imbuto, icyiciro cyo gukura hagati, icyiciro cyo gutinda gukura, n'icyiciro cyo kurangira; imbuto-imboga zishobora kugabanywamo icyiciro cy'imbuto, icyiciro cyo gukura kw'ibimera, icyiciro cyo kurabya, n'icyiciro cyo gusarura. Ukurikije imiterere y'ubukana bw'urumuri rw'inyongera, ubukana bw'urumuri mu cyiciro cy'imbuto bugomba kuba buri hasi gato, kuri 60 ~ 200 μmol / (m² · s), hanyuma bukiyongera buhoro buhoro. Imboga z'amababi zishobora kugera kuri 100 ~ 200 μmol / (m² · s), naho imboga z'imbuto zishobora kugera kuri 300 ~ 500 μmol / (m² · s) kugira ngo harebwe ko ibisabwa na fotosite y'ibimera bisaba ubukana bw'urumuri muri buri gihe cyo gukura no guhaza ibyo bikeneye kugira ngo bigere ku musaruro mwinshi; Ku bijyanye n'ubwiza bw'urumuri, igipimo cy'umutuku n'ubururu ni ingenzi cyane. Kugira ngo twongere ubwiza bw'ingemwe no gukumira gukura cyane mu gihe cy'imbuto, igipimo cy'umutuku n'ubururu muri rusange gishyirwa ku rwego rwo hasi [(1~2:1], hanyuma kikagabanuka buhoro buhoro kugira ngo gihuze n'ibikenewe mu miterere y'urumuri rw'ibimera. Igipimo cy'umutuku n'ubururu n'imboga z'amababi gishobora gushyirwa kuri (3~6):1). Kuri fotoperide, kimwe n'ubukana bw'urumuri, kigomba kugaragaza icyerekezo cyo kwiyongera uko igihe cyo gukura kigenda cyongerwa, kugira ngo imboga z'amababi zigira igihe kinini cyo gukora fotosynthesis. Imiterere y'urumuri rw'imbuto n'imboga izarushaho kugorana. Uretse amategeko y'ibanze yavuzwe haruguru, tugomba kwibanda ku miterere y'igihe cyo gukora fotosynthesis mu gihe cyo kurabya, kandi indabyo n'imbuto by'imboga bigomba gutezwa imbere, kugira ngo bitazasubira inyuma.

Ni ngombwa kuvuga ko formula y'urumuri igomba kuba irimo uburyo bwo kuvura bwa nyuma ahantu hafite urumuri. Urugero, kongera urumuri rudasibangana bishobora kongera umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'imbuto z'imboga zifite amababi ya hydroponic, cyangwa gukoresha imiti ya UV kugira ngo birusheho kunoza imimero n'imboga zifite amababi (cyane cyane amababi y'umuhengeri na salade y'amababi atukura).

Uretse kunoza uburyo bwo kongera urumuri ku bihingwa byatoranijwe, sisitemu yo kugenzura urumuri rw'inganda zimwe na zimwe z'urumuri rw'ubukorano nayo yateye imbere cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha. Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura muri rusange bushingiye ku miterere ya B/S. Kugenzura kure no kugenzura ibintu bidukikije nk'ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, urumuri, n'ubwinshi bwa CO2 mu gihe cy'ikura ry'ibihingwa bikorwa binyuze muri WIFI, kandi icyarimwe, uburyo bwo gukora budashingiye ku miterere yo hanze burakorwa. Ubu bwoko bw'urumuri rw'inyongera rw'ubwenge bukoresha urumuri rwa LED nk'urumuri rw'inyongera, hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura kure y'ubwenge, bushobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'urumuri rw'ibimera, bukwiriye cyane cyane ibidukikije bihingwa bigenzurwa n'urumuri, kandi bushobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'isoko.

Ibisobanuro bisoza
Inganda z’inganda zifatwa nk’uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gukemura ibibazo by’umutungo kamere ku isi, ubwiyongere bw’abaturage n’ibidukikije mu kinyejana cya 21, kandi ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kwihaza mu biribwa mu mishinga y’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gihe kizaza. Nk’uburyo bushya bwo gukora ubuhinzi, inganda z’inganda ziracyari mu cyiciro cyo kwigira no gukura, kandi hakenewe kwitabwaho no gukorwaho ubushakashatsi bwinshi. Iyi nkuru isobanura imiterere n’ibyiza by’uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga amatara y’inyongera mu nganda z’inganda, kandi ishyira ahagaragara ibitekerezo by’imiterere y’uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga amatara y’inyongera mu bihingwa. Ntibigoye kubibona binyuze mu kugereranya, kugira ngo uhangane n’urumuri ruto ruterwa n’ikirere kibi nk’ibicu bihoraho n’ibicu no kugira ngo urebe ko umusaruro w’ibihingwa byo mu nganda urushaho kuba mwiza kandi uhamye, ibikoresho by’urumuri rwa LED Grow bihuye cyane n’iterambere ririho ubu.

Icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’inganda z’ejo hazaza kigomba kwibanda ku byuma bishya bipima neza kandi bihendutse, uburyo bwo kugenzurwa kure, uburyo bwo gupima bwa spectrum bushobora guhindurwa hamwe na sisitemu z’inzobere mu kugenzura. Muri icyo gihe, inganda z’ejo hazaza zizakomeza gutera imbere zigana ku gihe gito, ubwenge, kandi zihuza n’ibindi. Gukoresha no gukwirakwiza urumuri rwa LED bitanga icyizere cyo kugenzura neza ibidukikije by’inganda z’inganda. Kugenzura ibidukikije by’urumuri rwa LED ni inzira igoranye irimo kugenzura neza ubwiza bw’urumuri, ubukana bw’urumuri, na photoperiod. Impuguke n’abahanga bireba bagomba gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, bateza imbere amatara ya LED y’inyongera mu nganda z’urumuri rw’ubukorano.