Umwanditsi: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, nibindi. Inkomoko y'Itangazamakuru: Ikoranabuhanga ry'ubuhinzi (Greenhouse Erticulture)

Uruganda rutanga ruhuza inganda zigezweho, ibinyabuzima, hydroponike yintungamubiri hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryamakuru kugirango dushyire mubikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura neza ibidukikije mu kigo. Ifunze rwose, ifite ibisabwa bike mubidukikije bidukikije, bigabanya igihe cyo gusarura ibihingwa, bikiza amazi n'ifumbire, kandi nta nyungu z'umusaruro udaca uca uca uca uca uca uca uca uca uca uca uca uca intege ni inshuro 40 kugeza 108 kuri 108 yo gufungura umurima. Muri bo, isoko y'inzitizi zubwenge hamwe n'amabwiriza yoroheje y'ibidukikije agira uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa byo gukora.

Nkimyumvire ikomeye yumubiri, urumuri rufite uruhare runini muguyobora ibihingwa na metabolism. Ati: "Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biranga uruganda rw'ibihingwa nisoko yuzuye y'ibihingwa kandi isohoza amabwiriza y'ubwenge ashingiye ku mucyo" yabaye ubwumvikane rusange mu nganda.

Ibimera 'bikeneye urumuri

Umucyo nisoko yonyine yingufu za fotosinteze. Uburemere bwumucyo, ubuziranenge bwumucyo (spectrum) nigihe impinduka zigihe cyo gukura ku mikurire no gukura kw'ibihingwa, mubyo imbaraga zingirakamaro zigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri fotosinteze.

■ Ubukana bworoshye

Uburemere bw'urumuri birashobora guhindura icyamamare cy'ibihingwa, nk'indabyo, internode uburebure, ubunini bwa stem, n'ubunini bw'amababi n'ubunini. Ibisabwa n'ibimera ubukana bworoshye birashobora kugabanywamo urukundo rwuzuye urukundo, ruciriritse, kandi ruto rwumucyo, kandi ruto rwihanganira. Imboga nicyo gikunda urumuri, hamwe ningingo zabo zoroheje ningingo zuzuye zoroshye ni ndende. Mu nyunga zo kumurika ibimera, ibisabwa byibihingwa byibihingwa byimbaraga nishingiro ryo guhitamo isoko ryumucyo. Gusobanukirwa ibyifuzo byoroheje byibimera bitandukanye ni ngombwa gutegura amasoko yumucyo ahinnye, birakenewe cyane kugirango ukore neza imikorere ya sisitemu.

■ Ubuziranenge

Ikwirakwizwa ryinshi (spectral) rifite uruhare runini kuri comptinsches na morhogenegi (Ishusho 1). Umucyo ni igice cyimirasire, nimirase ni umuraba wa electromagnetic. Imiraba ya electromagnetic ifite ibiranga imirongo hamwe na foneum (uduce). Umubare ntarengwa witwa photon mumurima wimboga. Imirasire ifite umurongo muremure wa 300 ~ 800NM yitwa imirasire ikora physiologique yibimera; n'imirasire ifite umurongo muremure wa 400 ~ 700nm yitwa amafoto akora (par) yibimera.

Chlorophyll na Carotenes nibyingurube ebyiri zingenzi muri fotosinteze. Igishushanyo 2 cyerekana uburyo bwo kwinjiza buri shusho pigment pigment, aho chlorophyll yinjira mumatsinda atukura nubururu. Sisitemu yo gucana ishingiye ku bikenerwa n'ibipimo by'ibihingwa kugeza ku mucyo wo koroshya, kugirango uteze imbere fotosintezeza ibimera.

■ Photoperiod
Umubano hagati ya fotosintepmosis hamwe na fotomorphororisisi yibimera niminsi (cyangwa igihe cyamafoto) byitwa gufotora. Photopoiliolioliogiodious ifitanye isano rya bugufi namasaha yoroheje, bivuga igihe imyaka iriba ikaranze kubera urumuri. Ibihingwa bitandukanye bisaba umubare wamasaha runaka yumucyo kugirango urangize Photopeliod kugirango uburabyo kandi byere imbuto. Dukurikije amafoto atandukanye, irashobora kugabanywamo ibihingwa byiminsi miremire, nka keleki, nibindi, bisaba amasaha arenga 12-14 kumucyo mugihe runaka cyo gukura kwayo; Ibihingwa byigihe gito, nkibitunguru, soya, nibindi, bisaba amasaha atarenze 12-14h; Ibihingwa biciriritse, nko mu mpumusi, inyanya, urusenda, nibindi birashobora kwera imbuto mu zuba rirenze cyangwa ngufi.
Mubintu bitatu bigize ibidukikije, ubukana bwumucyo nicyo cyingenzi cyo guhitamo amasoko yumucyo. Kugeza ubu, hari inzira nyinshi zo kwerekana ubukana, cyane cyane harimo bitatu bikurikira.
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(2) Imirasire ikora cyane, par, Igice: w / m².

.) Bifitanye isano itaziguye na fotosintezeza. Nicyo cyerekana kandi gikunze gukoreshwa urumuri rwububasha mumurima utanga ibihingwa.

Isesengura ryinkomoko yoroheje ya sisitemu yoroheje yoroheje
Umucyo woroshye woroshye ni ukuyongera ubukana bwumucyo ahantu hagenewe cyangwa kwagura umwanya woroshye ushyiraho gahunda yoroheje kugirango isohoze urumuri rwibimera. Muri rusange, sisitemu yoroheje yoroheje ikubiyemo ibikoresho byoroheje byoroheje, imizunguruko na sisitemu yo kugenzura. Amakuru yinyongera ahanini akubiyemo ubwoko bwinshi nkibintu byangiza, amatara ya fluorescent, amatara ya cyuma, amatara yicyuma Kubera amashanyarazi make na optique yubusa amatara ya incagescent, amafoto make ya fotoynthetic neza nibindi bibi, byavanyweho nisoko, iyi ngingo rero ntabwo ikora isesengura irambuye.

■ fluorescent
Amatara ya fluorescent ari uw'ubwoko bw'igituba gito cyo gusohora gazi. Umuyoboro w'ikirahure wuzuyemo umwuka wa Mercure cyangwa gaze ya inert, hamwe n'urukuta rw'imbere rwa tube rwahawe ifu ya fluorescent. Ibara ryoroheje riratandukanye nibikoresho bya fluorescent byambaye umuyoboro. Amatara ya fluorescent afite imikorere myiza, imikorere minini, imbaraga nke, ndende mubuzima (12000h) ugereranije n'amatara ya inzenge, kandi ikiguzi gito. Kuberako itara rya fluostcent ubwayo isohora ubushyuhe buke, irashobora kuba hafi yibihingwa byo gucana kandi bikwiranye no guhinga ibipimo bitatu. Ariko, imiterere yijisho ryamatara ya fluostcent ntamvikana. Uburyo bukunze kugaragara kwisi nukukongeramo ibigaragaza kugirango bigabanye urumuri rwibice byibihingwa mukarere gahinga. Ikigo cyabayapani inama HEFL mubyukuri ni iyicyiciro cya fluostcent. Nijambo rusange rya Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL) na electrode yamashanyarazi fluorescent (eefl), kandi ni electrode ya electrodecent itara. Umuyoboro wa Hefl unanutse cyane, ufite diameter ya 4mm gusa, kandi uburebure burashobora guhindurwa kuva 450mm kugeza 1200m kugeza 1200mm ukurikije ubutunzi bukenewe. Ni verisiyo iteye imbere yubutaka busanzwe.

■ Itara rya Halide
Itara ry'icyuma ni amatara yo gusohora cyane ashobora gutera ibintu bitandukanye byo kubyara uburebure butandukanye bwo kongeramo ibyuma bitandukanye (tin bromide, ibitombo, n'ibindi) mu gihe cyo gusohoka mu rwego rwo hejuru. Amatara ya Halogen afite imikorere minini, imbaraga ndende, ibara ryiza, ubuzima burebure, nubunini bunini. Ariko, kuberako imikorere ya luminous iri munsi yicyapa-cyigituba kinini, kandi ubuzima bwawe bwose ni bugufi kuruta uko amatara yigituba kinini, ubu ikoreshwa gusa mubishanga bike.

■ Umuvuduko mwinshi wa sodium
Amatara yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ya Sodium ari uw'ubwoko bw'igituba kinini gisohoka. Itara ry'umuvuduko wo hejuru cyane ni itara rihanitse mu rwego rwo hejuru muri sodium yo mu rwego rwo hejuru yuzuyemo umuyoboro wo gusohoka, n'amafaranga mato ya Xenon (xe) na Mercury Star Halide yongeyeho. Because high pressure sodium lamps have high electro-optical conversion efficiency with lower manufacturing costs, high pressure sodium lamps are currently the most widely used in the application of supplementary light in agricultural facilities. Ariko, kubera amakosa ya fotoyntheytheycy neza cyane muri spectrum yabo, bafite amakosa yuburyo buke. Kurundi ruhande, ibice byiza byasohotse kumatara yigituba kinini byibanda cyane cyane mu itsinda rya orange yumuhondo-orange, ridafite specra itukura nubururu bikenewe mugukura ibihingwa.

■ Umucyo usohora diode
Nkigisekuru gishya cyinkomoko yumucyo, dioding yoroshye yoroheje (LEDs) ifite ibyiza byinshi nkibintu byinshi bya electro-optique. LED irashobora gushiraho urumuri rwa MonoMromactike rukenewe mu gukura kw'ibimera. Ugereranije n'amatara asanzwe hamwe nandi masoko yoroheje yoroheje, iyobowe nibyiza byo kuzigama ingufu, kurengera ibidukikije, ubuzima burebure, isoko ikonje nibindi. Hamwe no kuzamura byinshi bya electro-optique imikorere ya LED no kugabanya ibiciro byatewe ningaruka, bitewe na sisitemu yo gucana hazabaho ibikoresho byingenzi byo kuzuza urumuri mubigo byubuhinzi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, LED ikura amatara yakoreshejwe mu nganda ziranga 99.9%.

Binyuze mugereranya, ibiranga amasoko yinyongera yinyongera arashobora kumvikana neza, nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1.

Igikoresho cyo Kumurika Mobile
Ubukana bw'umucyo bufitanye isano rya bugufi no gukura kw'ibihingwa. Guhinga bingana na bitatu bikoreshwa kenshi mubinganda. Ariko, kubera imbogamizi yimiterere yumucyo nubushyuhe butaringaniye hagati yimodoka bizagira ingaruka kumisaruro nigihingwa ntikizansangira. Isosiyete i Beijing yatsimbataje ibitekerezo byumucyo neza (HPS itambuza imirongo kandi igabora amatara yo gucana) muri 2010. Ihame ni ukuzenguruka kuri SHAKA Kugirango ugere ku ntego yo gucuruza no kudakuramo umugozi. Umugozi winsinga ukura urumuri ruhujwe nuruziga rwangiza rwimbunda binyuze mumaseti menshi yo guhindura ibiziga, kugirango ugere ku ngaruka zo guhindura uburebure bwumucyo wo gukura. Muri 2017, isosiyete yavuzwe haruguru yateguwe kandi itezimbere igikoresho gishya cyinyongera, kikaba gishobora guhita kihindura uburebure bwumucyo mugihe nyacyo gikeneye ibihingwa. Igikoresho cyo guhindura ubu cyashyizwe kumurongo 3-layer itaramura ubwoko butatu bwo guhinga urwego. Igice cyo hejuru cyibikoresho ni urwego rufite urumuri rwiza, bityo rufite amatara yigituba kinini; Igice cyo hagati kandi igice cyo hasi gifite ibikoresho byayobowe gikura amatara na sisitemu yo guhindura. Irashobora guhita ihindura uburebure bwumucyo uhinga kugirango utange ibidukikije bifatika kubihingwa.

Ugereranije nibikoresho byoroheje byoroheje bihujwe no guhinga ibiyobyabwenge bitatu, Ubuholandi bwagize iyobowe ryimukanwa rikaze gukura ibikoresho byoroheje. Kugirango wirinde ingaruka zumucyo wo gukura ku mikurire yibimera izuba, gukura byoroheje birashobora gusunikwa kumpande zombi unyuze kumurongo wa telesikopi mu cyerekezo cya horizontal, kugirango izuba riri kurakara ku bimera; Mu minsi y'ibicu n'imizi yimvura idafite izuba, kanda uburyo bworoshye bwo guhinga hagati yigituba kugirango umucyo wo guhita uzuza ibihingwa; Himura sisitemu yo gukura mukura mu buryo butambitse kunyerera ku rutonde, irinde guhungabana kenshi no gukuraho uburyo bworoshye bwo guhina, kandi ugabanye gahunda yo gukura, kandi ugabanye uburyo bworoshye bwo guhina, kandi ugabanye uburemere bw'umurimo ku bakozi.

Gushushanya ibitekerezo bya sisitemu yoroheje
Ntabwo bigoye kubona uhereye kubishushanyo mbonera byinyongera , kwishingikiriza kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura ubwenge kugirango ubishyire mubikorwa, kugera ku ntego nyamukuru yo kuzigama imbaraga no gutanga umusaruro mwinshi.

Kugeza ubu, igishushanyo mbonera no kubaka urumuri rwiyongera kumboga zibabi byakuze buhoro buhoro. Kurugero, imboga zibabi zirashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine: intambwe yimbuto, hagati yo gukura, gukura, kuzamuka, no kurangiza; Imboga-Imboga zirashobora kugabanywamo intambwe, iterambere ryibimera Icyiciro, icyiciro cyindabyo, no gusarura. Duhereye ku mico yoroheje yoroheje, ubukana bworoshye mubyiciro byimbuto bigomba kuba byo hasi, kuri 60 ~ 200 μmol / (m² ·), hanyuma byiyongera buhoro buhoro. Imboga zibabi zirashobora kugera kuri 100 ~ 200 μmol / (m² · s), nimboga zimbuto zirashobora kugera kuri 300 ~ 500 umusaruro mwinshi; Ukurikije ubuziranenge bworoshye, igipimo cyumutuku kugeza ubururu ni ngombwa cyane. Kugirango wongere ubwiza bwingemwe kandi wirinde gukura gukabije muburyo bwimbuto, igipimo cyumutuku kugeza ubururu muri rusange gishyirwaho kurwego rwo hasi [(1 ~ 2): hanyuma buhoro buhoro kugirango ruhuze ibikenewe morphologiya yoroheje. Ikigereranyo cyumutuku kugeza ubururu ku mboga zibabi zirashobora gushyirwaho (3 ~ 6): 1. Kuri Photopeliod, bisa nimbaraga zoroheje, bigomba kwerekana uburyo bwo kwiyongera hamwe no kwagura igihe cyo gukura, kugirango imboga zibabi zifite igihe cya fotoyntheythes kuri fotosintezeza. Igishushanyo cyongereranyo cyimbuto n'imboga bizagora cyane. Usibye amategeko shingiro yavuzwe haruguru, dukwiye kwibanda kumiterere ya Photopeliod mugihe cyindabyo, kandi imboga n'imbuto byimboga bigomba kuzamurwa mu ntera, kugirango bidashyigikirwa.

Birakwiye kuvuga ko formula yoroheje igomba gushyiramo kwivuza igenamiterere ryibidukikije. Kurugero, inzitizi zoroheje zirashobora kunoza umusaruro nubwiza bwimboga yamababi ya hydroponic, cyangwa ugakoresha uv kuvura uv kugirango utezimbere cyane imimero nimboga zijimye kandi zibabi ryumutuku) ubuziranenge.

Usibye guhitamo inyongera yoroheje kubihingwa byatoranijwe, uburyo bwo kugenzura itarangwamo ryibihingwa bya mutara byumucyo byahiwe kandi byateye imbere byihuse mumyaka yashize. Sisitemu yo kugenzura muri rusange ishingiye kumiterere ya B / s. Kugenzura kure no kugenzura byikora ibintu byibidukikije nkubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umucyo, kandi icyarimwe, kandi icyarimwe, uburyo bwo gutanga umusaruro butabujijwe nibisabwa hanze. Ubu bwoko bworoheje bwubwenge bukoresha iyobowe ryimiterere yimiterere nkisoko ryinyongera, rikwiranye cyane nibibazo byibihingwa, birashobora kubahiriza ibihingwa bya kure, birashobora kubahiriza ibihingwa byimbuto, kandi birashobora kubahiriza ibihingwa byingoma bigenzurwa, kandi birashobora kubahiriza ibisabwa byimbuto. Kandi birashobora kubahiriza ibisabwa byimbuto .

Ijambo risoza
Inganda zitera zifatwa nkuburyo bwingenzi kugirango ukemure umutungo wisi, ibibazo byabaturage mu kinyejana cya 21, nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kugera kubiriha mu mishinga izaza. Nk'ubwoko bushya bwo gutanga umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, inganda z'ibimera ziracyari mu myigire n'iterambere, kandi hakenewe kwitabwaho n'ubushakashatsi. Iyi ngingo isobanura ibiranga ibyiza nuburyo bwo gucana urugwiro mu nganda, kandi itangiza ibitekerezo bya gahunda yo gucana ibihingwa bisanzwe. Ntabwo bigoye kubona mugereranije, kugirango uhangane numucyo wo hasi uterwa nikirere gikabije nkigicu kinini kandi gihamye kandi giharanira umusaruro wimari kandi uharanira iterambere ryibikoresho byubu Inzira.

Icyerekezo cyiterambere kizaza cyinganda za come zigomba kwibanda ku ruhame rushya, ruke, uburyo bwo gucana ibitekerezo bya kure, guhinduka uburyo bwo gucana ibicuruzwa hamwe na sisitemu y'impuguke. Muri icyo gihe, inganda zizaza zizakomeza kwiteza imbere kugeza ku kiguzi gito, gifite ubwenge, no kwigana. Imikoreshereze no kumenyekanisha iyoboyeho gukura amasoko atanga ingwate yo kugenzura neza ibidukikije bishingiye ku bidukikije. Yayoboye amabwiriza yoroheje ni inzira igoye irimo amabwiriza yuzuye, ubukana bwumucyo, na fotopeliod. Impuguke n'intiti zijyanye n'ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, guteza imbere lim itara ryiyongera mu nganda zoroheje.