Li Jianming, Sun Guotao, nibindiIkoranabuhanga mu buhinzi bw'imboga n'imbuto mu bidukikije2022-11-21 17:42 Byasohotse i Beijing

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, inganda zitunganya ibidukikije zatejwe imbere cyane. Iterambere ry’ibidukikije ntirinongera gusa igipimo cy’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka n’umusaruro w’ibikomoka ku buhinzi, ahubwo rinakemura ikibazo cy’itangwa ry’imbuto n’imboga mu gihe cy’igihe gito. Ariko, ibidukikije byahuye n’imbogamizi zitari zirigeze zibaho. Inyubako za mbere, uburyo bwo gushyushya n’imiterere y’imiterere byateye ubudahangarwa ku bidukikije no ku iterambere. Ibikoresho bishya n’imiterere mishya birakenewe byihutirwa kugira ngo hahindurwe imiterere y’ibidukikije, kandi hakenewe amasoko mashya y’ingufu kugira ngo intego zo kubungabunga ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije zigerweho, kandi kongera umusaruro n’amafaranga.

Iyi nkuru iravuga ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti “ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya, igishushanyo mbonera gishya cyo gufasha impinduramatwara nshya y’ibidukikije”, harimo ubushakashatsi n’udushya mu bijyanye n’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, ingufu za biomass, ingufu zikomoka ku mashyuza n’izindi ngufu nshya mu bidukikije, ubushakashatsi n’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bishya byo gutwikira, gukingira ubushyuhe, inkuta n’ibindi bikoresho, hamwe n’icyizere cy’ejo hazaza n’ibitekerezo by’ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n’igishushanyo mbonera gishya cyo gufasha mu kuvugurura ibidukikije, kugira ngo bitange icyerekezo ku nganda.

Guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’inyubako ni itegeko rya politiki kandi ni amahitamo adakuka yo gushyira mu bikorwa amahame y’ingenzi n’ibyemezo bya guverinoma nkuru. Mu 2020, ubuso bwose bw’ubuhinzi burinzwe mu Bushinwa buzaba miliyoni 2.8 z’amayero, kandi agaciro k’umusaruro kazarenga tiriyari 1 y’amayero. Ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukora ibidukikije kugira ngo hongerwe urumuri rw’ibikomoka ku bidukikije n’imikorere yo gukingira ubushyuhe binyuze mu ngufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n’igishushanyo mbonera gishya cy’ibikomoka ku bidukikije. Hari ibibi byinshi mu gukora ibidukikije gakondo, nka amakara, peteroli n’izindi ngufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya no gushyushya mu bidukikije gakondo, bigatuma habaho gazi nyinshi ya dioxyde, yangiza cyane ibidukikije, mu gihe gaze karemano, ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’izindi ngufu byongera ikiguzi cy’imikorere y’ibidukikije. Ibikoresho gakondo byo kubika ubushyuhe ku nkuta z’ibidukikije ahanini ni ibumba n’amatafari, bitwara byinshi kandi bigatera kwangirika gukomeye ku butaka. Imikoreshereze myiza y’ubutaka bw’ibidukikije bisanzwe bifite imirasire y’izuba hamwe n’inkuta z’ubutaka ni 40% ~ 50% gusa, kandi ibidukikije bisanzwe bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kubika ubushyuhe, bityo ntibishobora kubaho mu gihe cy’itumba ngo bikore imboga zishyushye mu majyaruguru y’Ubushinwa. Kubwibyo, ishingiro ryo guteza imbere impinduka mu bushyuhe, cyangwa ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze buri mu gushushanya, ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya n'ingufu nshya. Iyi nkuru izibanda ku bushakashatsi n'udushya ku masoko mashya y'ingufu mu bushyuhe, muri make aho ubushakashatsi bugeze ku masoko mashya y'ingufu nka ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ingufu za biomass, ingufu zikomoka ku bushyuhe, ingufu z'umuyaga n'ibikoresho bishya bitwikira, ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe n'ibikoresho byo ku nkuta mu bushyuhe, gusesengura ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya mu kubaka ubushyuhe bushya, no gutegereza uruhare rwabyo mu iterambere no guhindura ubushyuhe mu gihe kizaza.

Ubushakashatsi n'udushya mu bijyanye n'ingufu nshya zihumanya ikirere

Ingufu nshya zikomoka ku bimera zifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ubuhinzi zirimo ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ingufu zikomoka ku bushyuhe n'ingufu zikomoka ku bimera, cyangwa gukoresha neza amasoko mashya atandukanye y'ingufu, kugira ngo ingufu zikoreshwe neza hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ry'umwe mu bakozi.

ingufu z'izuba/ingufu

Ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ni uburyo bwo gutanga ingufu nke zikoresha karubone, zikora neza kandi zirambye, kandi ni igice cy’ingenzi mu nganda zikiri kuzamuka mu Bushinwa. Rizaba amahitamo adashobora kwirindwa yo guhindura no kuvugurura imiterere y’ingufu z’Ubushinwa mu gihe kizaza. Mu rwego rwo gukoresha ingufu, greenhouse ubwayo ni urwego rw’ibikoresho byo gukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba. Binyuze mu ngaruka z’ubushyuhe, ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba zikusanywa mu nzu, ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe burazamuka, kandi ubushyuhe bukenewe kugira ngo ibihingwa bikure buratangwa. Isoko nyamukuru y’ingufu zikomoka kuri fotosite y’ibimera bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ni urumuri rw’izuba, ari na rwo rukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye rw’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba.

01 Ingufu za photovoltaic zitanga ubushyuhe

Ingufu za photovoltaic ni ikoranabuhanga rihindura ingufu z'urumuri mu buryo butaziguye ingufu z'amashanyarazi hashingiwe ku ngaruka za photovoltaic. Ikintu cy'ingenzi muri ubu buryo ni selile z'izuba. Iyo ingufu z'izuba zimuritse ku mirasire y'izuba mu buryo bukurikiranye cyangwa bujyanye, ibice bya semiconductor bihindura ingufu z'imirasire y'izuba mu buryo butaziguye ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic rishobora guhindura ingufu z'urumuri mu buryo butaziguye ingufu z'amashanyarazi, kubika amashanyarazi binyuze muri bateri, no gushyushya greenhouse nijoro, ariko igiciro cyaryo kinini kibuza iterambere ryayo gukomeza. Itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi ryakoze igikoresho gishyushya graphene cya photovoltaic, kigizwe na paneli za photovoltaic zoroshye, imashini igenzura inyuma, bateri yo kubikamo n'icyuma gishyushya graphene. Dukurikije uburebure bw'umurongo utera, inkoni yo gushyushya graphene ishyingurwa munsi y'agafuka k'ubutaka. Ku manywa, paneli za photovoltaic zifata imirasire y'izuba kugira ngo zikore amashanyarazi kandi zibike muri bateri yo kubikamo, hanyuma amashanyarazi arekurwa nijoro kugira ngo akoreshwe inkoni yo gushyushya graphene. Mu gupima nyako, uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwo gutangira kuri 17℃ no gufunga kuri 19℃ burakoreshwa. Gukoresha ingufu nijoro (20:00-08:00 ku munsi wa kabiri) mu masaha 8, ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya umurongo umwe w'ibimera ni 1.24 kW·h, kandi ubushyuhe bw'impapuro z'amashanyarazi nijoro ni 19.2℃, ari na 3.5 ~ 5.3℃ hejuru y'ubunini bw'igenzura. Ubu buryo bwo gushyushya hamwe n'ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic bukemura ibibazo byo gukoresha ingufu nyinshi n'umwanda mwinshi mu gushyushya ibimera mu gihe cy'itumba.

02 Guhindura no gukoresha ubushyuhe bw'izuba

Guhindura imirasire y'izuba hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bw'izuba bivuga gukoresha ubuso bwihariye bwo gukusanya imirasire y'izuba bukozwe mu bikoresho bihindura imirasire y'izuba kugira ngo bukusanye kandi bugakurure ingufu z'izuba nyinshi zituruka kuri bwo zigahinduka ingufu z'ubushyuhe. Ugereranyije n'ikoreshwa ry'izuba hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bw'izuba, gukoresha ubushyuhe bw'izuba byongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza imirasire y'izuba hafi ya infrared, bityo bukagira ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ingufu z'izuba, igiciro gito kandi bugezweho, kandi ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu gukoresha ingufu z'izuba.

Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo guhindura no gukoresha ubushyuhe mu Bushinwa ni imashini ikusanya imirasire y'izuba, igice cy'ingenzi cyayo kikaba ari igice cy'imbere cy'icyuma gifata ubushyuhe gifite irangi ry'ingufu zitoranijwe, gishobora guhindura ingufu z'imirasire y'izuba zinyura mu gipfundikizo zikayishyira mu cyuma gifata ubushyuhe. Imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri hakurikijwe niba hari umwanya w'ingufu mu cyuma gikusanya imirasire y'izuba cyangwa ntayo: imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zigororotse n'imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zidafite imvange; imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zigizwe n'imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zidakoresha imvange bitewe niba imirasire y'izuba iri ku cyambu cy'amanywa ihindura icyerekezo; n'imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zikozwe mu mazi n'imashini zikusanya imirasire y'izuba zikozwe mu kirere hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'imashini zitwara ubushyuhe.

Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu bucuruzi bw'ubutaka rikorwa ahanini binyuze mu bwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho bikusanya imirasire y'izuba. Kaminuza ya Ibn Zor yo muri Maroc yashyizeho uburyo bukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba (ASHS) bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka, bushobora kongera umusaruro w'inyanya ku kigero cya 55% mu gihe cy'itumba. Kaminuza y'Ubuhinzi y'u Bushinwa yashushanyije kandi ikora uburyo bwo gukusanya no gusohora umuyaga ushyushye ku buso, bufite ubushobozi bwo gukusanya ubushyuhe bwa 390.6～693.0 MJ, kandi yashyize imbere igitekerezo cyo gutandukanya uburyo bwo gukusanya ubushyuhe n'uburyo bwo kubika ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe pompe ishyushya. Kaminuza ya Bari mu Butaliyani yashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka, bugizwe na sisitemu y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba na pompe ikoresha amazi y'umwuka, kandi ishobora kongera ubushyuhe bw'ikirere ku kigero cya 3.6% n'ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka ku kigero cya 92%. Itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi ryakoze ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bikoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba bifite inguni ihindagurika ku bushyuhe bw'izuba, n'igikoresho gishyigikira ububiko bw'amazi y'ubushyuhe mu kirere cyose. Ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba rikoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba rifite uburyo buhindagurika bwo gukusanya ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka, nko gukusanya ubushyuhe buke, gupfuka no gukoresha ubutaka buhingwa. Hakoreshejwe imiterere yihariye y’ubushyuhe bw’izuba, ahantu hataba ibiti by’ubushyuhe bw’izuba hakoreshwa neza, ibyo bikaba byongera cyane uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ubushyuhe bw’izuba. Mu bihe bisanzwe byo gukora by’izuba, sisitemu yo gukusanya ubushyuhe bw’izuba ifite imiterere ihindagurika igera kuri 1.9 MJ/(m2h), ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu bugera kuri 85.1% kandi igipimo cyo kuzigama ingufu ni 77%. Mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe, imiterere yo kubika ubushyuhe bw’impinduka nyinshi irashyirwaho, ubushobozi bwo kubika ubushyuhe bw’igikoresho cyo kubika ubushyuhe buriyongera, kandi ubushyuhe buva muri icyo gikoresho bugenda buhoro, kugira ngo ubushyuhe bukusanyirizwe n’ibikoresho byo gukusanya ubushyuhe bw’izuba by’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bukoreshwa neza.

ingufu z'ibinyabuzima

Inyubako nshya yubatswe hakoreshejwe igikoresho gitanga ubushyuhe bwa biomass n'ubusitani buto, kandi ibikoresho fatizo bya biomass nk'ifumbire y'ingurube, ibisigazwa by'ibihumyo n'ibyatsi bivangwa kugira ngo bishyuhe, kandi ingufu z'ubushyuhe zitangwa zigashyirwa mu busitani buto [5]. Ugereranyije n'ubusitani buto budafite ikigega gishyushya biomass, ubusitani bushyushya bushobora kongera ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka mu busitani buto no kubungabunga ubushyuhe bukwiye bw'imizi y'ibihingwa bihingwa mu butaka mu gihe cy'ikirere gisanzwe mu gihe cy'itumba. Dufashe urugo rushya rufite urwego rumwe rudahuje rufite uburebure bwa metero 17 n'uburebure bwa metero 30 nk'urugero, kongeramo metero 8 z'imyanda ikomoka ku buhinzi (ibyatsi by'inyanya n'ifu y'ingurube bivanze) mu gikoresho cyo gushyushya imbere mu nzu kugira ngo rushyuhe karemano tudahinduye ikirundo bishobora kongera ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi bwa 4.2°C mu gihe cy'itumba, kandi ubushyuhe bw'ibanze bwa buri munsi bushobora kugera kuri 4.6°C.

Ingufu zikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibimera zigenzurwa n’uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimera ni uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimera bukoresha ibikoresho n’ibikoresho kugira ngo bugenzure uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimera kugira ngo bubone kandi bukoreshe neza ingufu z’ubushyuhe bwa biomass n’ifumbire ya gaze ya CO2, muri byo umwuka n’ubushuhe ni ibintu by’ingenzi bigenga ubushyuhe n’ikorwa rya gaze ya biomass. Mu bihe by’umwuka uhumeka, udukoko two mu bwoko bwa aerobic mu gice cyo gutunganya ibimera dukoresha ogisijeni mu bikorwa by’ubuzima, kandi igice cy’ingufu zikorwa gikoreshwa mu bikorwa byazo bwite, kandi igice cy’ingufu gishyirwa mu bidukikije nk’ingufu z’ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro ku kwiyongera k’ubushyuhe bw’ibidukikije. Amazi agira uruhare mu gikorwa cyose cyo gutunganya ibimera, atanga intungamubiri zikenewe mu bikorwa bya mikorobe, kandi icyarimwe asohora ubushyuhe bw’ikimera mu buryo bw’umwuka mu mazi, kugira ngo agabanye ubushyuhe bw’ikimera, yongere igihe cyo kubaho kwa mikorobe no kongera ubushyuhe bwinshi bw’ikimera. Gushyira igikoresho cyo gukurura ibyatsi mu gikoresho cyo gutunganya ibimera bishobora kongera ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu ho 3 ~ 5℃ mu gihe cy’itumba, bikongerera imbaraga fotosite y’ibimera no kongera umusaruro w’inyanya ho 29.6%.

Ingufu z'ubushyuhe

Ubushinwa bukungahaye ku mutungo ukomoka ku bushyuhe. Muri iki gihe, uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku bushyuhe ni ugukoresha pompe ishyushya ikomoka ku butaka, ishobora kuva ku ngufu z'ubushyuhe zo mu rwego rwo hasi ikajya ku ngufu z'ubushyuhe zo mu rwego rwo hejuru binyuze mu gushyiramo ingufu nke z'ubushyuhe bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru (nk'amashanyarazi). Bitandukanye n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyushya ibidukikije, pompe ishyushya ikomoka ku butaka ntishobora gusa kugira ingaruka zikomeye zo gushyushya, ahubwo inashobora no gukonjesha ibidukikije no kugabanya ubushuhe mu bidukikije. Ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa rya pompe ishyushya ikomoka ku butaka mu bijyanye no kubaka amazu bumaze gukura. Igice cy'ingenzi gikora ku bushobozi bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha bwa pompe ishyushya ikomoka ku butaka ni module yo gushyushya ubushyuhe yo munsi y'ubutaka, irimo ahanini imiyoboro itwikiriwe, amariba yo munsi y'ubutaka, nibindi. Uburyo bwo gushushanya sisitemu yo gushyushya ubushyuhe yo munsi y'ubutaka ifite ikiguzi n'ingaruka bingana buri gihe ni bwo bushakashatsi bwibanze kuri iki gice. Muri icyo gihe, impinduka z'ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka bwo munsi y'ubutaka mu ikoreshwa rya pompe ishyushya ikomoka ku butaka zigira ingaruka ku ngaruka z'ikoreshwa rya sisitemu ikoresha pompe ishyushya. Gukoresha pompe ishyushya ubutaka mu gukonjesha greenhouse mu mpeshyi no kubika ingufu z'ubushyuhe mu butaka bwimbitse bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka bwo munsi y'ubutaka no kunoza imikorere myiza y'ipompe ishyushya ubutaka mu gihe cy'itumba.

Muri iki gihe, mu bushakashatsi ku mikorere n'ubushobozi bwa pompe y'ubushyuhe yo hasi, binyuze mu makuru nyayo y'igerageza, hashyizweho icyitegererezo cy'imibare hakoreshejwe porogaramu nka TOUGH2 na TRNSYS, kandi byaje kugaragara ko imikorere y'ubushyuhe n'igipimo cy'imikorere (COP) bya pompe y'ubushyuhe yo hasi ishobora kugera kuri 3.0 ~ 4.5, ibyo bikaba bifite ingaruka nziza zo gukonjesha no gushyushya. Mu bushakashatsi ku ngamba z'imikorere ya sisitemu ya pompe y'ubushyuhe, Fu Yunzhun n'abandi basanze ko ugereranije n'inzira y'umutwaro, inzira y'ubutaka ifite ingaruka nyinshi ku mikorere y'igice n'imikorere yo kohereza ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro wapfutse. Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho inzira y'amazi, agaciro ntarengwa ka COP k'igice gashobora kugera kuri 4.17 hakoreshejwe gahunda y'imikorere yo gukora amasaha 2 no guhagarara amasaha 2; Shi Huixian n'abandi bashyizeho uburyo bw'imikorere bw'uburyo bwo kubika amazi bukonjesha. Mu mpeshyi, iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru, COP y'uburyo bwose bwo gutanga ingufu ishobora kugera kuri 3.80.

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ubushyuhe bwinshi mu butaka mu nzu ndangamurage

Ububiko bw'ubushyuhe mu butaka bwimbitse mu busitani bw'ibimera bwitwa kandi "ububiko bw'ubushyuhe" mu busitani bw'ibimera. Kwangirika kw'ubukonje mu gihe cy'itumba n'ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mpeshyi ni byo nzitizi zikomeye ku musaruro w'ubushyuhe. Hashingiwe ku bushobozi bukomeye bwo kubika ubushyuhe mu butaka bwimbitse, itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi ryakoze igikoresho cyo kubika ubushyuhe mu butaka bw'ibimera. Iki gikoresho ni umuyoboro w'ubushyuhe w'ibimera ugizwe n'ibice bibiri upfundikiye mu bujyakuzimu bwa metero 1.5 ~ 2.5 munsi y'ubutaka mu busitani bw'ibimera, ufite aho umwuka winjirira hejuru y'ubusitani bw'ibimera n'aho umwuka usohoka ku butaka. Iyo ubushyuhe mu busitani buri hejuru, umwuka wo mu nzu ushyirwa mu butaka ku ngufu n'umufana kugira ngo ubushyuhe bukomeze kandi bugabanuke. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'ubusitani buri hasi, ubushyuhe buvanwa mu butaka kugira ngo bushyuhe. Ibisubizo by'umusaruro n'ikoreshwa bigaragaza ko igikoresho gishobora kongera ubushyuhe mu busitani ho 2.3 ℃ mu gihe cy'itumba nijoro, kugabanya ubushyuhe mu nzu ho 2.6 ℃ mu gihe cy'izuba, no kongera umusaruro w'inyanya ho 1500kg muri metero 667.².Iki gikoresho gikoresha neza imiterere y' “ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'itumba n'ubukonje mu mpeshyi” n' “ubushyuhe buhoraho” bw'ubutaka bwimbitse bwo munsi y'ubutaka, gitanga “uburyo bwo kubona ingufu” ku buhumbikiro bw'ubutaka, kandi kigakomeza kurangiza imirimo y'inyongera yo gukonjesha no gushyushya ubuhumbikiro bw'ubutaka.

Guhuza ingufu nyinshi

Gukoresha ubwoko bubiri cyangwa burenze bw'ingufu mu gushyushya ibidukikije bishobora kwishyura ingaruka mbi z'ubwoko bumwe bw'ingufu, kandi bigaha umwanya ingaruka zo "gushyira hamwe kimwe kiruta bibiri". Ubufatanye bwuzuzanya hagati y'ingufu zikomoka ku bushyuhe n'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ni ahantu hanini ho gushakisha ingufu nshya mu buhinzi mu myaka ya vuba aha. Emmi et. yize ku buryo bw'ingufu zikomoka ku masoko menshi (Ishusho ya 1), bufite imashini ikusanya imirasire y'izuba ivanze n'ubushyuhe. Ugereranyije na sisitemu isanzwe ikoresha ipompe y'ubushyuhe ikoresha umwuka n'amazi, ubushobozi bw'ingufu zikomoka ku masoko menshi bwongereweho 16% ~ 25%. Zheng et. yashyizeho ubwoko bushya bw'uburyo bwo kubika ubushyuhe buvanze bw'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba n'ipompe y'ubushyuhe ikomoka ku butaka. Sisitemu ikusanya imirasire y'izuba ishobora kubika ubushyuhe mu bihe byiza, ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bwiza mu gihe cy'itumba n'ubukonje bwiza mu mpeshyi. Imashini ihanagura ubushyuhe ikoresha umuyoboro w'amazi n'ikigega cyo kubika ubushyuhe buri hagati y'igihe byose bishobora gukora neza muri sisitemu, kandi agaciro ka COP k'uburyo bw'ingufu gashobora kugera kuri 6.96.

Ihujwe n'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, igamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba no kongera umutekano w'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu bushyuhe. Wan Ya et. bashyizeho gahunda nshya y'ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura imiterere y'amashanyarazi yo guhuza ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba n'izikomoka ku bucuruzi mu gushyushya ibidukikije, zishobora gukoresha ingufu za photovoltaic iyo hari urumuri, zikayihinduramo ingufu zikomoka ku bucuruzi iyo nta rumuri ruhari, bikagabanya cyane igipimo cy'ibura ry'ingufu zikomoka ku mikorere, kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cy'ubukungu nta gukoresha bateri.

Ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ingufu za biomass n'amashanyarazi bishobora gushyushya amazu y’ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba bishobora no kugira ubushobozi bwo gushyushya bwinshi. Zhang Liangrui n'abandi bahuje uburyo bwo gukusanya ubushyuhe bw'imiyoboro y'izuba n'ikigega cy'amazi gikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu kibaya. Sisitemu yo gushyushya ibidukikije ifite ubushyuhe bwiza, kandi impuzandengo y'ubushyuhe bw'iyi sisitemu ni 68.70%. Ikigega cy'amazi gikoresha amashanyarazi ni igikoresho gikoresha amashanyarazi gikoresha amashanyarazi gikoresha amashanyarazi. Ubushyuhe buke bw'amazi yinjira ku mpera y'ubushyuhe burashyirwaho, kandi ingamba z'imikorere y'iyi sisitemu zigenwa hakurikijwe ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu gice gikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu mirasire y'izuba n'igice gikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu mirasire y'izuba, kugira ngo ubushyuhe buhamye bukoreshwe ku mpera y'ubushyuhe kandi buzigame ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho bya biomass ku rugero rushoboka.

Ubushakashatsi bushya n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bishya bihumanya ikirere

Uko ubuso bw’ubuso bw’ubuso bugenda bwaguka, ingaruka mbi zo gukoresha ibikoresho gakondo by’ubuso nk’amatafari n’ubutaka zigenda zigaragara cyane. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa imikorere y’ubushyuhe bw’ubuso bw’ubuso no guhaza ibyo busitani bugezweho bukeneye mu iterambere, hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi n’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bishya bitwikira ibintu bibonerana, ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe n’ibikoresho byo ku nkuta.

Ubushakashatsi n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bishya bibonerana byo gutwikira

Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bitwikira ibidukikije birimo cyane cyane firime ya pulasitiki, ikirahure, paneli y'izuba na paneli ya photovoltaic, muri byo firime ya pulasitiki niyo ifite ubuso bunini bwo gukoreshwa. Filime isanzwe ya PE ifite inenge zo kumara igihe gito, kudacika intege no gukora rimwe. Kuri ubu, hakozwe firime nshya zitandukanye zikora hifashishijwe ibikoresho bitanga imikorere cyangwa irangi.

Filimi ihindura urumuri:Filimi ihindura urumuri ihindura imiterere y'urumuri rwa filime ikoresheje ibikoresho bihindura urumuri nk'ibintu bidasanzwe by'ubutaka n'ibintu bito, kandi ishobora guhindura agace k'urumuri rwa ultraviolet kakamera urumuri rw'umutuku w'icunga n'urumuri rw'ubururu bw'ibara ry'umukara bikenerwa na fotositesi y'ibimera, bityo ikongera umusaruro w'ibihingwa kandi ikagabanya kwangirika k'urumuri rwa ultraviolet ku bihingwa no ku mafirime y'ubushyuhe mu mazu atunganya pulasitiki. Urugero, filime y'ubushyuhe bw'umuhondo kuva ku ibara ry'umutuku kugeza ku ibara ry'umutuku ifite VTR-660 ishobora kongera cyane uburyo bwo kohereza infrared iyo ikoreshejwe mu mazu atunganya ibidukikije, kandi ugereranije n'amazu atunganya ibidukikije, umusaruro w'inyanya kuri hegitari, vitamine C na lycopene wiyongera cyane ku kigero cya 25.71%, 11.11% na 33.04%. Ariko, ubu, igihe cyo gukora, kwangirika n'igiciro cya filime nshya ihindura urumuri biracyakeneye kwigwa.

Ikirahure gitatanye: Ikirahure gitwikiriye mu busitani ni igishushanyo cyihariye kandi gikoresha ikoranabuhanga rirwanya kugaragara ku buso bw'ikirahure, gishobora kongera urumuri rw'izuba mu mucyo utwikiriye no kwinjira mu busitani, kunoza imikorere myiza ya fotosite y'ibihingwa no kongera umusaruro w'ibihingwa. Ikirahure gitwikiriye gihindura urumuri rwinjira mu busitani rutwikiriye binyuze mu miterere yihariye, kandi urumuri rutwikiriye rushobora kunyura mu busitani, bigakuraho ingaruka z'igicucu cy'amagufwa ku busitani. Ugereranyije n'ikirahure gisanzwe gitwikiriye n'ikirahure cy'umweru cyane, urugero rw'urumuri rw'ikirahure gitwikiriye ni 91.5%, naho urw'ikirahure gisanzwe gitwikiriye ni 88%. Kuri buri kwiyongera kwa 1% k'urumuri mu busitani, umusaruro ushobora kwiyongeraho hafi 3%, kandi isukari na vitamine C mu mbuto n'imboga byariyongereye. Ikirahure gitwikiriye mu busitani gishyirwamo irangi mbere hanyuma kigakonjeshwa, kandi igipimo cyo kwiturika kiri hejuru kuruta igipimo cy'igihugu, kigera kuri 2‰.

Ubushakashatsi n'Ikoreshwa ry'Ibikoresho Bishya byo Gukingira Ubushyuhe

Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gukingira ubushyuhe mu nzu ndende birimo cyane cyane ibyatsi, igitambaro cy'impapuro, igitambaro cyo gukingira ubushyuhe gifite umugozi, nibindi, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukingira ubushyuhe bw'imbere n'inyuma ku bisenge, gukingira inkuta no gukingira ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byo kubika ubushyuhe n'ibyo gukusanya ubushyuhe. Byinshi muri byo bifite inenge yo gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gukingira ubushyuhe bitewe n'ubushuhe bw'imbere nyuma yo gukoreshwa igihe kirekire. Kubwibyo, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bishya byo gukingira ubushyuhe bwinshi, muri byo ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku gitambaro gishya cyo gukingira ubushyuhe, ububiko bw'ubushyuhe n'ibikoresho byo gukusanya ubushyuhe.

Ibikoresho bishya byo gukingira ubushyuhe bikunze gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutunganya no guhuza ibikoresho bitagira amazi kandi bisaza nk'ifiriti iboshye n'ipamba ipfundikiye hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byoroshye byo gukingira ubushyuhe nk'ipamba ipfundikiye, ipamba itandukanye ya cashmere n'ipamba y'amapera. Ipamba ipfundikiye ipamba ipfundikiye yapimwe mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'Ubushinwa. Byagaragaye ko kongeramo ipamba ya 500g ipfundikiye byari bingana n'imikorere yo gukingira ubushyuhe nk'ipamba ya 4500g y'umukara ipfundikiye ubushyuhe ku isoko. Muri ubwo buryo, imikorere yo gukingira ubushyuhe ya 700g ipamba ipfundikiye yazamutseho 1 ~ 2℃ ugereranije n'ipamba ya 500g ipfundikiye ubushyuhe. Muri icyo gihe, ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ugereranije n'ipamba ipfundikiye ubushyuhe ikoreshwa ku isoko, ingaruka zo gukingira ubushyuhe za pamba ipfundikiye ubushyuhe n'ipamba itandukanye ya cashmere ni nziza kurushaho, aho igipimo cyo gukingira ubushyuhe kiri kuri 84.0% na 83.3%. Iyo ubushyuhe bwo hanze bukonje cyane ari -24.4°C, ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu bushobora kugera kuri 5.4°C na 4.2°C. Ugereranyije n'igitambaro cyo gukingira igitambaro kimwe cy'ibyatsi, igitambaro gishya cyo gukingira gikozwe mu buryo buvanze gifite ibyiza byo kuba gifite uburemere bworoshye, ubushobozi bwo gukingira igitambaro buri hejuru, ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi no gusaza, kandi gishobora gukoreshwa nk'ubwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho byo gukingira igitambaro by'izuba bikoresha ingufu nyinshi.

Muri icyo gihe, nk'uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe ku bikoresho byo gukusanya no kubika ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe, byagaragaye kandi ko iyo ubunini bungana, ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe by'ibice byinshi bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushyuhe kurusha ibikoresho bimwe. Itsinda rya Porofeseri Li Jianming ryo muri Kaminuza ya Northwest A&F ryashushanyije kandi risuzuma ubwoko 22 bw'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe by'ibikoresho bibika amazi y'ubushyuhe, nka vacuum board, airgel na rubber cotton, kandi bapima imiterere yabyo y'ubushyuhe. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko irangi rya 80mm rikingira ubushyuhe + airgel + rubber-plastic rikingira ubushyuhe ipamba rikingira ubushyuhe rishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bukwirakwira ho 0.367MJ kuri buri gice ugereranije na 80mm rubber-plastic cotton, kandi ko ubushyuhe bwayo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe bwari 0.283W/(m2·k) iyo ubunini bw'uruvange rw'ibikingira bwari 100mm.

Ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro ni bimwe mu bintu bikunze kugaragara mu bushakashatsi ku bikoresho bihumanya ikirere. Kaminuza ya Northwest A&F yateguye ubwoko bubiri bw'ibikoresho byo kubika ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro: bumwe ni agasanduku k'ububiko gakozwe muri polyethylene y'umukara, gafite ingano ya cm 50×30×14 (uburebure×uburebure×ubugari) kandi kuzuyemo ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro, kugira ngo gashobore kubika ubushyuhe no kurekura ubushyuhe; Icya kabiri, hakozwe ubwoko bushya bw'urukuta rwo guhindura icyiciro. Urukuta rwo guhindura icyiciro rugizwe n'ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro, aluminiyumu, aluminiyumu-plastiki n'icyuma cya aluminiyumu. Ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro biri hagati y'urukuta, kandi imiterere yabyo ni mm 200×200×50. Ni ifu ikomeye mbere na nyuma yo guhindura icyiciro, kandi nta kintu na kimwe cyo gushonga cyangwa gutemba. Inkuta enye z'ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro ni aluminiyumu na aluminiyumu-plastiki, uko bikurikirana. Iki gikoresho gishobora gukora imirimo yo kubika ubushyuhe ku manywa no kurekura ubushyuhe nijoro.

Kubwibyo, hari ibibazo bimwe na bimwe mu ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bimwe bikingira ubushyuhe, nko kudakoresha neza ubushyuhe, gutakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi, igihe gito cyo kubika ubushyuhe, nibindi. Kubwibyo, gukoresha ibikoresho bivanze bikingira ubushyuhe nk'urwego rwo kwirinda ubushyuhe n'urwego rwo kwirinda ubushyuhe rwo mu nzu no hanze bishobora kunoza neza imikorere y’ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu, bikagabanya gutakaza ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu, bityo bikagera ku ngaruka zo kuzigama ingufu.

Ubushakashatsi n'Ikoreshwa ry'Urukuta Rushya

Nk'ubwoko bw'inyubako ifunze, urukuta ni uruzitiro rw'ingenzi mu kurinda ubukonje bw'ubutaka no kububungabunga. Dukurikije ibikoresho n'imiterere y'urukuta, iterambere ry'urukuta rwo mu majyaruguru rw'ubutaka rishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: urukuta rw'urwego rumwe rukozwe mu butaka, amatafari, n'ibindi, n'urukuta rwo mu majyaruguru rwubatswe mu matafari y'ibumba, amatafari y'ibiti, imbaho ​​za polystyrene, n'ibindi, rufite ububiko bw'ubushyuhe bw'imbere n'ubushyuhe bwo hanze, kandi inyinshi muri izi nkuta zitwara igihe kinini kandi zitwara akazi kenshi; Kubwibyo, mu myaka ya vuba aha, hagaragaye ubwoko bwinshi bushya bw'inkuta, zoroshye kubaka kandi zikwiriye guteranywa vuba.

Kuvuka kw'inkuta nshya ziteranyije bitera iterambere ryihuse ry'amazu ahujwe, harimo inkuta nshya zivanze zifite ibikoresho byo hanze bidapfa amazi kandi birwanya gusaza n'ibikoresho nka felt, ipamba y'amasaro, ipamba yo mu kirere, ipamba y'ibirahure cyangwa ipamba yasubiwemo nk'ibice bikingira ubushyuhe, nk'inkuta zifatanye z'ipamba ipfundikiye muri Xinjiang. Byongeye kandi, ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko inkuta yo mu majyaruguru y'amazu ahujwe hamwe ifite urwego rwo kubika ubushyuhe, nk'inkuta y'amatafari yuzuyemo ibishishwa by'ingano muri Xinjiang. Mu gihe kimwe cyo hanze, iyo ubushyuhe bwo hanze buri hasi ari -20.8℃, ubushyuhe mu mazu ahujwe n'izuba hamwe n'urukuta rw'amatafari rufite ingano ni 7.5℃, mu gihe ubushyuhe mu mazu ahujwe n'izuba hamwe n'urukuta rw'amatafari rufite 3.2℃. Igihe cyo gusarura inyanya mu mazu ahujwe n'amatafari gishobora kwiyongeraho iminsi 16, kandi umusaruro w'amazu ahujwe n'ipamba rimwe ushobora kwiyongeraho 18.4%.

Itsinda ry’inyubako rya Kaminuza ya Northwest A&F ryatanze igitekerezo cyo gukora ibikoresho by’ibyatsi, ubutaka, amazi, amabuye n’ibikoresho byo guhindura intera mu buryo bwo gukingira ubushyuhe no kubika ubushyuhe mu mfuruka y’urumuri no koroshya igishushanyo mbonera cy’inkuta, byateje imbere ubushakashatsi ku nkuta zateranijwe mu buryo bworoshye. Urugero, ugereranije n’ubushyuhe busanzwe bwo ku nkuta z’amatafari, ubushyuhe bw’impuzandengo mu busitani buri hejuru ya 4.0°C ku munsi usanzwe w’izuba. Ubwoko butatu bw’ibikoresho byo guhindura intera mu buryo butari ubw’umwimerere, bikozwe mu bikoresho byo guhindura intera (PCM) na sima, byakusanyije ubushyuhe bwa 74.5, 88.0 na 95.1 MJ/m³, kandi yarekuye ubushyuhe bwa 59.8, 67.8 na 84.2 MJ/m³, uko bikurikirana. Zifite inshingano zo "gutema cyane" ku manywa, "kuzura ikibaya" nijoro, gukurura ubushyuhe mu mpeshyi no kurekura ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'itumba.

Izi nkuta nshya ziteranyirizwa aho zikorera, kandi zigahora zikora igihe gito kandi zikaba zimara igihe kirekire, ibyo bikaba bitanga uburyo bwo kubaka amazu y’ubusitani akozwe mu buryo bwihuse, kandi bishobora guteza imbere cyane ivugurura ry’imiterere y’amazu y’ubusitani. Ariko, hari inenge zimwe na zimwe muri ubwo bwoko bw’urukuta, nko kuba urukuta rw’ubusitani rukozwe mu ipamba rutanga ubushyuhe rufite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukingira ubushyuhe, ariko rudafite ubushobozi bwo kubika ubushyuhe, kandi ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi bihindura imiterere bifite ikibazo cyo gukoresha amafaranga menshi. Mu gihe kizaza, ubushakashatsi ku nkuta zateranyirijwe hamwe bugomba kongerwamo imbaraga.

Ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n'imiterere mishya bifasha imiterere y'ubushyuhe.

Ubushakashatsi n'udushya ku ngufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya bitanga urufatiro rw'udushya mu gushushanya ibidukikije. Ibikoresho bikoresha imirasire y'izuba n'ibigega bikoresha imirasire y'izuba ni byo bigega binini mu musaruro w'ubuhinzi mu Bushinwa, kandi bigira uruhare runini mu musaruro w'ubuhinzi. Ariko, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'imibereho y'Abashinwa, inenge z'ubwoko bubiri bw'inyubako zirimo zirushaho kugaragara. Ubwa mbere, umwanya w'inyubako ni muto kandi urwego rw'imashini rukoreshwa ni ruto; Icya kabiri, ibigega bikoresha imirasire y'izuba bifite ubushyuhe bwiza, ariko imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ni mike, bingana no gusimbuza ingufu zikoresha imirasire y'izuba n'ubutaka. Ibigega bisanzwe bikoresha imirasire y'izuba ntibigira umwanya muto gusa, ahubwo bifite ubushyuhe buke. Nubwo ibigega bikoresha imirasire myinshi bifite umwanya munini, bifite ubushyuhe buke kandi bikoresha ingufu nyinshi. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere imiterere y'ibigega bikoresha imirasire y'izuba ijyanye n'urwego rw'imibereho n'ubukungu bw'Ubushinwa, kandi ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya bizafasha imiterere y'ibigega guhindura no gutanga ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibigega bikoresha imirasire y'izuba.

Ubushakashatsi Bushya ku Inzu Itunganya Inzoga Idakoresha Amazi

Urusobe rw'amazi runini rugenzurwa n'amazi rudapima (nomero ya patenti: ZL 201220391214.2) rushingiye ku ihame ry'urusobe rw'izuba, ruhindura imiterere y'urusobe rw'izuba rusanzwe, rwongera ubugari bw'amajyepfo, rwongera ubugari bw'urumuri rw'igisenge cy'amajyepfo, rugabanya ubugari bw'amajyaruguru kandi rugabanya ubushyuhe bukwirakwira, rufite ubugari bwa metero 18 ~ 24 n'uburebure bwa metero 6 ~ 7. Binyuze mu guhanga udushya mu gushushanya, imiterere y'ahantu yariyongereye cyane. Muri icyo gihe, ibibazo by'ubushyuhe budahagije mu rusobe rw'izuba mu gihe cy'itumba n'ubushyuhe budahagije bw'ibikoresho bisanzwe bikingira ubushyuhe bikemurwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gukora ubushyuhe n'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe. Ibyavuye mu musaruro n'ubushakashatsi bigaragaza ko urugo runini rukora imigati rugenzurwa n'amazi, rufite ubushyuhe bwa 11.7°C ku minsi y'izuba na 10.8°C ku minsi y'ibicu, rushobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'umusaruro mu gihe cy'itumba, kandi ikiguzi cyo kubaka urugo rugabanutseho 39.6% kandi igipimo cyo gukoresha ubutaka cyongerwaho ibirenga 30% ugereranije n'icy'urugo rukora ibyuma bya polystyrene, bikwiye kongerwa no gukoreshwa mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Yellow Huaihe mu Bushinwa.

Urusobe rw'imirasire y'izuba rwateranijwe

Urukuta rw'imirasire y'izuba ruteranijwe rufata inkingi n'igisenge cy'inzu nk'imiterere itwara imizigo, kandi ibikoresho byarwo ku rukuta ahanini ni uruzitiro rukingira ubushyuhe, aho kuba icyuma gifata imizigo no kubika no kurekura ubushyuhe. By'umwihariko: (1) ubwoko bushya bw'urukuta ruteranijwe bukorwa binyuze mu guhuza ibikoresho bitandukanye nka filimi itwikiriwe cyangwa isahani y'icyuma ifite ibara, icyuma cy'ibyatsi, igitambaro cyoroshye cyo gukingira ubushyuhe, icyuma cya morti, nibindi. (2) ikibaho cy'urukuta gikozwe mu kibaho cya sima cyakozwe mbere - ikibaho cya polystyrene - sima; (3) Ubwoko bworoheje kandi bworoshye bwo guteranya ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika no kurekura ubushyuhe hamwe na sisitemu yo gukuraho ubushyuhe, nk'ububiko bw'ubushyuhe bw'indobo za pulasitiki kare n'ububiko bw'ubushyuhe bw'imiyoboro. Gukoresha ibikoresho bishya bitandukanye byo gukingira ubushyuhe n'ibikoresho byo kubika ubushyuhe aho gukoresha urukuta rw'ubutaka rusanzwe kugira ngo hubakwe urugo rukoresha imirasire y'izuba bifite umwanya munini n'ubuhanga buto bw'ikoranabuhanga. Ibisubizo by'igerageza bigaragaza ko ubushyuhe bw'urukuta nijoro mu gihe cy'itumba buri hejuru ya 4.5℃ ugereranyije n'ubw'urukuta rusanzwe rw'amatafari, kandi ubunini bw'urukuta rw'inyuma ni 166mm. Ugereranyije n'ubugari bwa mm 600 z'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'amatafari, ubuso bw'urukuta bugabanutseho 72%, kandi ikiguzi kuri metero kare ni yuan 334.5, ni ukuvuga yuan 157.2 munsi y'ubw'urukuta rw'amatafari, kandi ikiguzi cyo kubaka cyaragabanutse cyane. Kubwibyo, uru ruganda rwubatswe rufite ibyiza byo kwangiza ubutaka budahingwa cyane, kuzigama ubutaka, kwihuta mu bwubatsi no kumara igihe kirekire, kandi ni icyerekezo cy'ingenzi cyo guhanga udushya no guteza imbere uru ruganda rw'izuba muri iki gihe no mu gihe kizaza.

Urusobe rw'imirasire y'izuba runyerera

Iyi mashini ikoresha imirasire y'izuba yakozwe na Kaminuza y'Ubuhinzi ya Shenyang ikoresha urukuta rw'inyuma rw'iyi mashini ikoresha imirasire y'izuba kugira ngo ikore uburyo bwo kubika ubushyuhe ku rukuta kugira ngo ibike ubushyuhe kandi byongere ubushyuhe, ahanini bugizwe na pisine (32m).³), isahani yo gukusanya yoroheje (360m²), ipompe y'amazi, umuyoboro w'amazi n'icyuma gipima ubushyuhe. Igitambaro cyoroshye cyo gukingira ubushyuhe cyasimbuwe n'icyuma gishya cy'ubwoya bworoheje gifite ibara ry'amabuye hejuru. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iki gishushanyo gikemura neza ikibazo cy'imirongo ifunga urumuri, kandi cyongera ubuso bw'urumuri rw'ubusitani. Inguni y'urumuri rw'ubusitani ni 41.5°, hafi 16° hejuru y'ubusitani bugenzura, bityo bikanoza umuvuduko w'urumuri. Ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu bukwirakwira kimwe, kandi ibimera bikura neza. Ubusitani bufite ibyiza byo kunoza imikoreshereze y'ubutaka, gushushanya ingano y'ubusitani buvugurura ubusitani no kugabanya igihe cyo kubaka, ibi bikaba ingenzi cyane mu kurinda umutungo w'ubutaka buhingwa n'ibidukikije.

Urusobe rw'ibimera rukoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic

Inzu mvaruganda y’ubuhinzi ni urugo ruhuza ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, kugenzura ubushyuhe n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Rukoresha icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma kandi rutwikiriwe n’ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba kugira ngo rurebe ko ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba byose bikenewe kugira ngo rubone urumuri rw’ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba byose bikenewe. Umuriro utaziguye uturuka ku ngufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba wuzuza urumuri rw’inyubako z’ubuhinzi, ushyigikira imikorere isanzwe y’ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, utera imbaraga kuhira amazi, wongera ubushyuhe bw’inyubako kandi ugateza imbere ukwiyongera kw’ibihingwa. Ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba muri ubu buryo bizagira ingaruka ku buryo urumuri rw’inzu mvaruganda rukora, hanyuma bikagira ingaruka ku mikurire isanzwe y’imboga zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba. Kubwibyo, imiterere y’ibice bikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ku gisenge cy’inzu mvaruganda iba ingingo y’ingenzi ikoreshwa. Inzu mvaruganda y’ubuhinzi ni umusaruro w’ubuhinzi bw’ibimera buvanzwe n’ubuhinzi bw’ibimera n’ubuhinzi bw’ibihingwa, kandi ni inganda z’ubuhinzi zigezweho zihuza ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, gusura ahantu nyaburanga, ibihingwa by’ubuhinzi, ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi, iterambere ry’ubutaka n’umuco.

Igishushanyo mbonera gishya cy'itsinda ry'ubusitani bukoresha ingufu mu bwoko butandukanye bw'ubusitani bukoresha ingufu

Guo Wenzhong, umushakashatsi mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuhinzi n’Amashyamba rya Beijing, akoresha uburyo bwo gushyushya bwo kohereza ingufu hagati y’amazu acururizwamo ibiti kugira ngo akusanye ingufu zisigaye z’ubushyuhe mu mazu acururizwamo ibiti imwe cyangwa nyinshi kugira ngo ashyushye andi mazu acururizwamo ibiti. Ubu buryo bwo gushyushya butuma ingufu zishyushya ibiti ziyongera mu gihe no mu mwanya, bukongera ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu zisigaye z’ubushyuhe ibiti, kandi bugagabanya ingufu zose zikoreshwa mu gushyushya. Ubwoko bubiri bw’amazu acururizwamo ibiti bushobora kuba ubwoko butandukanye bw’amazu acururizwamo ibiti cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bw’amazu acururizwamo ibiti mu gutera ibihingwa bitandukanye, nk’amazu acururizwamo salade n’inyanya. Uburyo bwo gukusanya ubushyuhe burimo ahanini gukura ubushyuhe bw’ikirere mu nzu no gukumira imirasire y’impanuka. Binyuze mu gukusanya ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, gukoresha ingufu zikoreshwa n’icyuma gishyushya ibiti no gukuramo ingufu hakoreshejwe ipompo ishyushya, ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mazu acururizwamo ibiti bukoresha ingufu nyinshi bwakuwemo kugira ngo bushyushye ibiti acururizwamo ibiti.

muri make

Izi nzu nshya zikoreshwa n'izuba zifite ibyiza byo guteranya vuba, igihe cyo kubaka cyagabanutse ndetse n'umuvuduko wo gukoresha ubutaka. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gukomeza gusuzuma imikorere y'izi nzu nshya mu turere dutandukanye, no gutanga amahirwe yo gukwirakwiza no gukoresha inyubako nshya ku rwego runini. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa gukomeza gushyira imbaraga mu gukoresha ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya mu nzu zikoreshwa, kugira ngo habeho ingufu zo kuvugurura imiterere y'inyubako.

Ibyiza n'ibitekerezo by'ejo hazaza

Inyubako zisanzwe zikunze kugira ingaruka mbi zimwe na zimwe, nko gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, gukoresha ubutaka mu buryo buke, gukoresha igihe kinini n'abakozi benshi, gukora nabi, nibindi, bitagishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere, kandi bigomba gukurwaho buhoro buhoro. Kubwibyo, ni icyerekezo cy'iterambere gukoresha ingufu nshya nk'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ingufu za biomass, ingufu zikomoka ku bushyuhe n'ingufu z'umuyaga, ibikoresho bishya bikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw'izuba n'imiterere mishya kugira ngo biteze imbere impinduka mu miterere y'ubushyuhe bw'izuba. Mbere na mbere, ubushyuhe bushya buterwa n'ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya ntibugomba guhaza gusa ibyifuzo by'imashini zikoreshwa, ahubwo bugomba no kuzigama ingufu, ubutaka n'ikiguzi. Icya kabiri, ni ngombwa guhora dushakisha imikorere y'inyubako nshya mu turere dutandukanye, kugira ngo dutange uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza inyubako ku rwego runini. Mu gihe kizaza, tugomba gukomeza gushaka ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya bikwiye gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw'izuba, no gushaka uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n'ubushyuhe bw'izuba, kugira ngo bishoboke kubaka ubushyuhe bushya bufite ikiguzi gito, igihe gito cyo kubaka, gukoresha ingufu nke n'imikorere myiza, gufasha imiterere y'ubushyuhe guhinduka no guteza imbere iterambere ry'ubushyuhe bw'izuba mu Bushinwa.

Nubwo ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n'imiterere mishya mu bwubatsi bw'ibimera ari ikintu kidasubirwaho, haracyari ibibazo byinshi bigomba kwigwa no gukemurwa: (1) Ikiguzi cy'ubwubatsi kiriyongera. Ugereranyije n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyushya hakoreshejwe amakara, gaze karemano cyangwa peteroli, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya ntiringiza ibidukikije kandi ntirihumanya ibidukikije, ariko ikiguzi cy'ubwubatsi kiriyongera cyane, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku ishoramari mu kongera umusaruro no mu mikorere. Ugereranyije n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho bishya kiziyongera cyane. (2) Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu z'ubushyuhe ridahamye. Inyungu ikomeye yo gukoresha ingufu nshya ni ikiguzi gito cyo gukora no kugabanya imyuka ya karubone, ariko ingufu n'ubushyuhe ntibihindagurika, kandi iminsi y'ibicu iba ikintu gikomeye mu ikoreshwa ry'ingufu z'izuba. Mu gihe cyo gukora ubushyuhe bwa biomass binyuze mu gushyushya, ikoreshwa neza ry'izi ngufu rigabanywa n'ibibazo by'ingufu nke z'ubushyuhe, imicungire igoye no kugenzura, n'ahantu hanini ho kubika ibikoresho fatizo. (3) Ikoranabuhanga rimaze igihe. Iri koranabuhanga rikoreshwa n'ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya ni ubushakashatsi bugezweho n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, kandi ahantu babishyira n'aho babishyira biracyari hake cyane. Ntibyatambutse inshuro nyinshi, imbuga nyinshi n'igenzura ry'imikorere rinini, kandi nta gushidikanya ko hari inenge zimwe na zimwe n'ibirimo tekiniki bigomba kunozwa mu ikoreshwa. Abakoresha bakunze guhakana iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga kubera inenge nto. (4) Igipimo cy'ikoranabuhanga kiri hasi. Ikoreshwa ryagutse ry'ibyagezweho mu bya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga risaba gukundwa runaka. Kuri ubu, ingufu nshya, ikoranabuhanga rishya n'ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gushushanya ibidukikije byose biri mu itsinda ry'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi bya siyansi muri za kaminuza zifite ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya, kandi abasaba tekiniki benshi cyangwa abashushanya ntibarabimenya; Muri icyo gihe, gukurura no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya biracyari bike cyane kuko ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga rishya bifite uburenganzira bwo gutanga patenti. (5) Guhuza ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiterere y'ibidukikije bigomba gukomezwa kurushaho. Kubera ko ingufu, ibikoresho n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiterere y'ibidukikije biri mu byiciro bitatu bitandukanye, impano zifite uburambe mu gushushanya ibidukikije akenshi ntizikora ubushakashatsi ku ngufu n'ibikoresho bijyanye n'ibidukikije, kandi ibinyuranye n'ibyo; Kubwibyo, abashakashatsi bajyanye n'ubushakashatsi ku ngufu n'ibikoresho bakeneye kongera ubushakashatsi no gusobanukirwa ibikenewe mu iterambere ry'inganda zikora ibijyanye n'ibidukikije, kandi abashushanya imiterere y'inyubako bagomba kandi kwiga ibikoresho bishya n'ingufu nshya kugira ngo bateze imbere imikoranire myiza y'imibanire itatu, kugira ngo intego y'ikoranabuhanga rikora ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije igerweho, ikiguzi gito cy'ubwubatsi n'ingaruka nziza zo gukoresha. Hashingiwe ku bibazo byavuzwe haruguru, birasabwa ko leta, inzego z'ibanze n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi bya siyansi bigomba kongera ubushakashatsi mu bya tekiniki, gukora ubushakashatsi buhuriweho mu buryo bwimbitse, kongera kwamamaza ibyagezweho mu bya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga, kunoza uburyo ibyagezweho bikwirakwizwa, no kugera ku ntego yihuse y'ingufu nshya n'ibikoresho bishya kugira ngo bifashe iterambere rishya ry'inganda zikora ibijyanye n'ibidukikije.

Amakuru yavuzwe

Li Jianming, Sun Guotao, Li Haojie, Li Rui, Hu Yixin. Ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya n'igishushanyo mbonera gishya bifasha impinduramatwara nshya y'ubusitani bugezweho [J]. Imboga, 2022, (10): 1-8.