Incamake

Kuri ubu, uruganda rw’ibimera rwabashije korora neza ingemwe z’imboga nk’inkeri, inyanya, urusenda, ibirayi, n’amahumyo, ruha abahinzi ingemwe nziza mu byiciro, kandi umusaruro nyuma yo gutera uba mwiza kurushaho. Inganda z’ibimera zabaye uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gutanga ingemwe ku nganda z’imboga, kandi zigira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ivugurura ry’imiterere y’inganda z’imboga, rituma imboga ziboneka mu mijyi kandi imboga zigahingwa nabi.

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'uburyo bwo kororera imbuto z'uruganda rw'ibimera n'ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya tekiniki

Nk’uburyo bwo gukora umusaruro w’ubuhinzi bukora neza cyane muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo kororera imbuto z’uruganda rw’ibimera buhuza uburyo bwa tekiniki burimo amatara y’ubukorano, gutanga ibisubizo by’intungamubiri, kugenzura ibidukikije mu buryo butatu, ibikorwa by’ubufasha byikora, gucunga umusaruro mu buryo bw’ubwenge, n’ibindi, kandi buhuza ikoranabuhanga mu binyabuzima, ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n’ubwenge bw’ubukorano. Ibyiza n’ibindi byagezweho mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho bitera imbere mu nganda. 

Sisitemu y'urumuri rw'ubukorano ya LED

Kubaka ibidukikije by'urumuri rw'ubukorano ni imwe mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi rya sisitemu yo kororeramo ingemwe mu nganda z'ibimera, kandi ni na yo soko nyamukuru y'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gukora ingemwe. Akarere k'urumuri rw'inganda z'ibimera gafite ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya imbaraga, kandi ibidukikije by'urumuri bishobora kugenzurwa mu buryo butandukanye nko kuba urumuri rwiza, ubukana bw'urumuri n'igihe cyo gukora, kandi icyarimwe, ibintu bitandukanye by'urumuri bishobora kunozwa no guhuzwa mu buryo bw'igihe kugira ngo habeho formula y'urumuri yo guhinga ingemwe, hagashyirwaho ahantu h'urumuri hakwiriye ho guhinga ingemwe. Kubwibyo, hashingiwe ku miterere y'urumuri n'intego z'umusaruro w'ingemwe zitandukanye, binyuze mu kunoza ibipimo by'urumuri n'ingamba zo gutanga urumuri, hashyizweho isoko yihariye y'urumuri rwa LED ruzigama ingufu, rushobora kunoza cyane imikorere myiza yo guhindura ingufu z'urumuri rw'ingemwe, ruteza imbere kwegeranya ibimera by'ingemwe, kandi rukongera ireme ry'umusaruro w'ingemwe, mu gihe rugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ikiguzi cyo gukora. Byongeye kandi, kugenzura ibidukikije by'urumuri nabyo ni uburyo bw'ingenzi mu bijyanye no gutera ingemwe no gukiza ingemwe zatewe.

Uburyo bwo gukuramo imbuto zihagaze mu byiciro byinshi bushobora gukurwamo

Ubworozi bw'imigeri mu ruganda rw'ibimera bukorwa hakoreshejwe agasanduku k'ibice bitatu gafite imiterere myinshi. Binyuze mu miterere ya sisitemu isanzwe, uburyo bwo guteranya imigeri bwihuse bushobora gukorwa. Intera iri hagati y'agatebe ishobora guhindurwa mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo ihuze n'ibikenewe mu bworozi bw'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imigeri kandi irusheho kunoza cyane umuvuduko w'ikoreshwa ry'umwanya. Byongeye kandi, imiterere itandukanye ya sisitemu y'ibigeri, sisitemu y'amatara, na sisitemu yo kuhira amazi n'ifumbire bituma ubusitani bugira imikorere yo gutwara, yoroshye kwimukira mu duce dutandukanye nko kubiba, kumera no kororera mu ngo, kandi bigabanya igihe cyo gukoresha amasahani y'imigeri.

Uburyo bwo gukuramo imbuto zihagaze mu byiciro byinshi bushobora gukurwamo 

Kuhira amazi n'ifumbire ahanini bikoresha ubwoko bw'amazi, ubwoko bw'imiti itera imiti n'ubundi buryo, binyuze mu kugenzura neza igihe n'inshuro by'imiti itera imiti, kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bumwe bwo kuyitera no kuyikoresha neza. Iyo ukoresheje formula yihariye y'imiti itera imiti ku mbuto, ishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'imiti no kuyitera imbere kandi igatuma imiti ikura vuba kandi neza. Byongeye kandi, binyuze muri sisitemu yo gupima iyoni y'imiti itera imiti n'imiti, intungamubiri zishobora kongera kuzura ku gihe, mu gihe hirindwa kwirundanya kwa mikorobe n'ibindi bintu bigira ingaruka ku mikurire isanzwe y'imiti. 

Sisitemu yo Kugenzura Ibidukikije

Kugenzura ibidukikije neza kandi neza ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ingemwe z'uruganda rw'ibimera. Imiterere yo kubungabunga inyuma y'uruganda rw'ibimera muri rusange ikorwa mu bikoresho bidasobanutse kandi bikingira cyane. Muri uru rwego, kugenzura urumuri, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, na CO2 ntabwo bigerwaho n'ibidukikije byo hanze. Binyuze mu kubaka icyitegererezo cya CFD kugira ngo hongerwe imiterere y'umuyoboro w'umwuka, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije bito, ibintu bifitanye isano nk'ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, na CO2 mu mwanya w'ubucucike bwinshi birashobora kugerwaho. Kugenzura ibidukikije mu buryo bw'ubwenge bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bipima n'uburyo bwo kugenzura, kandi kugenzura ibidukikije byose mu gihe nyacyo bikorwa binyuze mu guhuza ishami rishinzwe kugenzura n'uburyo bwo kugenzura. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha amasoko y'urumuri akonjeshejwe n'amazi n'inzira y'amazi, hamwe no gushyiramo amasoko akonje yo hanze, bishobora gutuma habaho gukonjesha ku buryo bworoshye no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikonjesha.

Ibikoresho by'inyongera byikora

Uburyo bwo kororera ingemwe z’uruganda ni ingenzi cyane, ubucucike bw’inganda ni bwinshi, umwanya ni muto, kandi ibikoresho byikora ni ngombwa cyane. Gukoresha ibikoresho byikora ntibifasha gusa kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’abakozi, ahubwo binafasha kunoza imikorere y’ahantu ho guhinga. Ibikoresho byikora byakozwe kugeza ubu birimo imashini itwikira ubutaka, imashini itera imbuto, imashini itera imbuto, imashini itwara ibikoresho bya AGV, nibindi. Biyobowe n’urubuga rw’ubuhanga rushinzwe gucunga, imikorere idakozwe n’umuntu mu buryo busanzwe yo kororera ingemwe ishobora gukorwa. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga ryo kureba imashini rigira uruhare runini mu kororera ingemwe. Ntabwo bifasha gusa gukurikirana uko ingemwe zikura, bifasha mu gucunga ingemwe z’ubucuruzi, ahubwo binasuzuma ingemwe zidakomeye n’izapfuye. Imashini ikuramo ingemwe kandi ikazizuza.

Ibyiza byo korora imbuto z'ibimera mu ruganda

Urwego rwo hejuru rw'igenzura ry'ibidukikije rutuma umusaruro ukorwa buri mwaka

Bitewe n'umwihariko w'uburyo bwo kororoka kw'imbuto, kugenzura ibidukikije bihingwa ni ingenzi cyane. Mu gihe uruganda rw'ibimera rukora, ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije nk'urumuri, ubushyuhe, amazi, umwuka, ifumbire na CO2 biragenzurwa cyane, bishobora gutanga ahantu heza ho gukura ho kororoka kw'imbuto, hatitawe ku bihe n'uturere. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe cyo kororoka kw'imbuto zashyizwemo imbuto no gutema imbuto, inzira yo gutera ibikomere no gutandukanya imizi bisaba kugenzura ibidukikije cyane, kandi inganda z'ibimera nazo ni nziza cyane. Kuba ibidukikije by'uruganda ubwarwo birushaho gukomera, bityo ni ingenzi cyane ku musaruro w'imbuto z'imboga mu bihe bitari ibyororoka cyangwa mu bidukikije bikomeye, kandi bishobora gutanga inkunga y'imbuto kugira ngo imboga ziboneke neza. Byongeye kandi, kororoka kw'inganda z'ibimera ntikugarukira ku mwanya, kandi bishobora gukorerwa aho ngaho mu nkengero z'imijyi n'ahantu rusange. Ibipimo birahindagurika kandi birahindagurika, bituma umusaruro mwinshi uboneka kandi hagatangwa imbuto nziza, bitanga inkunga y'ingenzi mu iterambere ry'ubuhinzi bw'imboga mu mijyi. 

Gabanya igihe cyo kororoka no kunoza ubwiza bw'imbuto

Mu gihe uruganda rw’ibimera rukora neza, bitewe no kugenzura neza ibintu bitandukanye bikura mu bidukikije, igihe cyo kororoka kw’imbuto kigabanukaho 30% kugeza 50% ugereranije n’uburyo gakondo. Kugabanya igihe cyo kororoka bishobora kongera umusaruro w’imbuto, kongera amafaranga y’umuhinzi, no kugabanya ibyago byo gukora biterwa n’ihindagurika ry’isoko. Ku bahinzi, ni byiza gutera no gutera kare, gutangiza isoko hakiri kare, no kunoza ipiganwa ku isoko. Ku rundi ruhande, imbuto zororerwa mu ruganda rw’ibimera zirasukuye kandi zirakomeye, ibimenyetso by’imiterere n’ubwiza birarushaho kwiyongera, kandi umusaruro nyuma yo guhingwa uba mwiza kurushaho. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko imbuto z’inyanya, urusenda n’inkeri zororerwa mu ruganda rw’ibimera ntizituma gusa ubuso bw’amababi, uburebure bw’ibimera, umurambararo w’igiti, imbaraga z’imizi n’ibindi bimenyetso, ahubwo binatuma habaho kwihutisha imihindagurikire y’ibihe, kurwanya indwara, gutandukanya indabyo nyuma yo guhingwa. Kandi umusaruro n’ibindi bintu bifite ibyiza bifatika. Umubare w’indabyo z’ingore kuri buri gihingwa wiyongereyeho 33.8% kandi umubare w’imbuto kuri buri gihingwa wiyongereyeho 37.3% nyuma yo gutera imbuto z’inkeri zororerwa mu nganda z’ibimera. Hamwe n’ubushakashatsi buhoraho ku bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima by’ibidukikije bikuramo imbuto, inganda z’ibimera zizarushaho kuba nziza kandi zigenzurwa mu kugena imiterere y’imbuto no kunoza imikorere y’umubiri.

 Kugereranya imiterere y'imbuto zatewe mu mazu mato n'inganda z'ibimera

Gukoresha neza umutungo kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo gutera imbuto

Uruganda rw’ibimera rukoresha uburyo busanzwe, butanga amakuru kandi bugezweho mu nganda, kugira ngo buri sano ry’umusaruro w’ibimera rigenzurwe neza, kandi imikorere myiza y’umutungo irusheho kunozwa cyane. Imbuto ni zo zikoreshwa cyane mu korora imbuto. Bitewe n’imikorere idahwitse no kudakoresha neza ibidukikije by’imbuto gakondo, hari ibibazo nko kudakura cyangwa gukura nabi kw’imbuto, bigatuma habaho imyanda myinshi mu nzira kuva ku mbuto kugera ku mbuto z’ubucuruzi. Mu ruganda rw’ibimera, binyuze mu gutunganya imbuto mbere yo kuzitera, kuzitera neza no kuzigenzura neza, imikorere myiza y’imbuto irarushaho kuba myiza, kandi ingano yazo ishobora kugabanukaho ibirenze 30%. Amazi, ifumbire n’indi mitungo nabyo ni byo bikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya imbuto gakondo, kandi ikibazo cyo gusesagura umutungo ni gikomeye. Mu buryo bw’inganda z’ibimera, binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kuhira neza, imikorere myiza y’amazi n’ifumbire ishobora kwiyongeraho ibirenze 70%. Byongeye kandi, bitewe n’imiterere y’uruganda ubwarwo n’uburyo rugenzura ibidukikije, ingufu n’ikoreshwa rya CO2 mu gukwirakwiza imbuto nabyo birarushaho kuba byiza.

Ugereranyije n’uburyo gakondo bwo korora imbuto zo mu gasozi n’uburyo bwo korora imbuto zo mu bimera, ikintu gikomeye mu korora imbuto mu nganda z’ibimera ni uko bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bw’ibice bitatu. Mu ruganda rw’ibimera, korora imbuto bishobora kwaguka kuva ku murongo kugeza ku mwanya uhagaze, ibyo bikaba binoza cyane imikorere y’imbuto kuri buri gice cy’ubutaka kandi bikongera cyane imikorere myiza y’ahantu. Urugero, module isanzwe yo korora imbuto yakozwe n’ikigo cy’ibinyabuzima, mu gihe cyo gutwikira ubuso bwa 4.68 ㎡, ishobora korora imbuto zirenga 10.000 mu itsinda rimwe, zishobora gukoreshwa ku bikenerwa mu musaruro w’imboga wa Mu 3.3 (2201.1 ㎡). Mu gihe cyo korora imboga zo mu byiciro bitatu, gushyigikira ibikoresho by’inyongera byikora n’uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga bwo gutwara ibintu bishobora kunoza cyane imikorere y’abakozi no kugabanya abakozi ku kigero kirenga 50%.

Korora imbuto zirwanya cyane kugira ngo bifashe mu gutanga umusaruro w’icyatsi kibisi

Ahantu heza ho gukorera umusaruro w’uruganda rw’ibimera hashobora kugabanya cyane udukoko n’indwara mu bworozi. Muri icyo gihe, binyuze mu gutunganya neza ibidukikije bihingwa, ingemwe zakozwe zizaba zifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya cyane, bishobora kugabanya cyane gutera imiti yica udukoko mu gihe cyo gutera no gutera ingemwe. Byongeye kandi, mu kororoka ingemwe zidasanzwe nk’ingemwe zashyizwemo ingemwe no gutema ingemwe, ingamba zo kurwanya icyatsi kibisi nk’urumuri, ubushyuhe, amazi n’ifumbire mu ruganda rw’ibimera zishobora gukoreshwa mu gusimbuza ikoreshwa rinini ry’imisemburo mu bikorwa gakondo kugira ngo habeho umutekano w’ibiribwa, kugabanya ihumana ry’ibidukikije, no kugera ku mbuto mbisi umusaruro urambye.

Isesengura ry'ibiciro by'umusaruro 

Uburyo inganda z’ibimera zongera inyungu z’ubukungu bw’ibimera birimo ibice bibiri. Ku ruhande rumwe, binyuze mu kunoza imiterere y’inyubako, imikorere isanzwe no gukoresha ibikoresho by’ubwenge, bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imbuto, amashanyarazi n’abakozi mu gihe cyo korora imbuto, no kunoza amazi, ifumbire, ubushyuhe, n’ingufu. Imikoreshereze myiza ya gaze na CO2 bigabanya ikiguzi cyo korora imbuto; ku rundi ruhande, binyuze mu kugenzura neza ibidukikije no kunoza inzira y’ibikorwa, igihe cyo korora cy’ibimera kiragabanuka, kandi umusaruro w’ibimera n’ibimera buri mwaka kuri buri mwanya urimo kwiyongera, ibyo bikaba birusha ibindi guhangana ku isoko. 

Bitewe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda z’ibimera no gukomeza gushimangira ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije ku buhinzi bw’ibimera, ikiguzi cyo korora imbuto mu nganda z’ibimera ni kimwe n’icyo guhinga ibimera bisanzwe, kandi ubwiza n’agaciro k’ibimera ku isoko biri hejuru. Dufashe urugero rw’imbuto z’ibishyimbo, ibikoresho byo gukora bifite igice kinini, bingana na 37% by’ikiguzi cyose, harimo imbuto, umuti w’intungamubiri, udusanduku tw’ibikoresho byo gupfuka, substrate, nibindi. Ikoreshwa ry’ingufu z’amashanyarazi ringana na 24% by’ikiguzi cyose, harimo amatara y’ibimera, icyuma gikonjesha n’ingufu zikoreshwa mu gutanga ingufu, nibindi, ari na byo byibanze mu kunoza imikorere y’ejo hazaza. Byongeye kandi, umubare muto w’abakozi ni ikimenyetso cy’umusaruro w’ibimera mu nganda. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere buhoraho bw’urwego rw’imikorere ikora, ikiguzi cy’abakozi kizagabanuka cyane. Mu gihe kizaza, inyungu z’ubukungu zo korora imbuto mu nganda z’ibimera zishobora kunozwa binyuze mu iterambere ry’ibihingwa bifite agaciro kenshi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo guhinga imbuto z’ibiti by’agaciro by’amashyamba.

Ingano y'imbuto z'inkoko /%

Imiterere y'inganda

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi bya siyansi bihagarariwe n’Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Buhinzi bw’Imijyi cya Akademi y’Ubuhinzi y’Abashinwa, hamwe n’ibigo by’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho byashyize imbere inganda z’ibimera. Bishobora guha ingemwe umurongo mwiza w’inganda kuva ku mbuto kugeza ku zimera. Muri zo, uruganda rw’ibimera ruri i Shanxi rwubatswe kandi rushyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2019 rufite ubuso bwa 3.500 ㎡ kandi rushobora korora ingemwe 800.000 z’urusenda cyangwa ingemwe 550.000 z’inyanya mu gihe cy’iminsi 30. Urundi ruganda rw’ibimera rwubatswe rufite ubuso bwa 2300 ㎡ kandi rushobora korora ingemwe miliyoni 8-10 ku mwaka. Uruganda ruvura ingemwe rugenda rukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryigenga ryakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Ubuhinzi bw’Imijyi, Akademi y’Ubuhinzi y’Abashinwa rushobora gutanga urubuga rwo gutera no gutera imbuto mu ngo zo mu gihugu rwo guhinga ingemwe. Ahantu hamwe ho gukorera hashobora kwakira ingemwe zirenga 10.000 zatewe icyarimwe. Mu gihe kiri imbere, ubwoko butandukanye bw'imbuto zororerwa mu nganda z'ibimera biteganijwe ko buzakomeza kwaguka, kandi urwego rw'imikorere n'ubuhanga bizakomeza gutera imbere.

Igihingwa kigenda gikira imbuto zatewe cyakozwe n'Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi bw'Imijyi, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuhinzi ry'Abashinwa

Ishusho

Nk’inganda nshya zo kororera imbuto mu nganda, inganda zifite inyungu nini n’ubushobozi bwo kuzigurisha ugereranije n’uburyo gakondo bwo kororera imbuto mu bijyanye no kugenzura ibidukikije neza, gukoresha neza umutungo kamere n’ibikorwa bisanzwe. Mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’umutungo nk’imbuto, amazi, ifumbire mvaruganda, ingufu n’abakozi mu kororera imbuto, no kunoza umusaruro n’ubwiza bw’imbuto kuri buri gice, ikiguzi cyo kororera imbuto mu nganda z’ibimera kizarushaho kugabanuka, kandi umusaruro uzaba mwiza ku isoko. Hari icyifuzo kinini cy’imbuto mu Bushinwa. Uretse umusaruro w’ibihingwa gakondo nk’imboga, imbuto z’agaciro gakomeye nk’indabyo, imiti y’ibimera yo mu Bushinwa n’ibiti bidasanzwe byitezwe kororerwa mu nganda z’ibimera, kandi inyungu mu bukungu zizarushaho kunozwa. Muri icyo gihe, urubuga rwo kororera imbuto rukora mu nganda rugomba gusuzuma uburyo bwo kororera imbuto zitandukanye n’uburyo bworoshye kugira ngo ruhuze n’ibyo isoko ryo kororera imbuto rikeneye mu bihe bitandukanye.

Inyigisho y’ibinyabuzima ku bijyanye n’aho imbuto zibera ni yo shingiro ry’igenzura ry’imiterere y’inganda z’ibimera. Ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bijyanye no kugenzura imiterere y’ibimera by’ibimera n’ibikorwa bya fotositemu n’ibindi bikorwa by’umubiri hakoreshejwe ibintu bifitanye isano n’ibidukikije nk’urumuri, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe na CO2 bizafasha gushyiraho icyitegererezo cy’imikoranire y’ibimera n’ibidukikije, bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu gutanga imbuto no kunoza ubwiza n’umusaruro w’ibimera. Ubwiza butanga ishingiro ry’inyigisho. Muri uru rwego, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura n’ibikoresho bifite urumuri nk’ishingiro kandi bihujwe n’ibindi bintu bifitanye isano n’ibidukikije, no guhindura umusaruro w’ibimera bifite ubwoko bwihariye bw’ibimera, uburinganire bwinshi n’ubwiza bwo hejuru kugira ngo bihuze n’ibisabwa mu guhinga ahantu henshi no gukora imashini mu nganda z’ibimera. Amaherezo, bitanga ishingiro rya tekiniki ryo kubaka sisitemu yo gutanga imbuto mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga kandi bigashyira mu bikorwa uburyo busanzwe, budafite abakozi kandi bukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu nganda z’ibimera.

Umwanditsi: Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, nibindi 

Amakuru yerekeye incamake:

Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, Yang Qichang. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya tekiniki no guteza imbere inganda mu korora imbuto mu nganda z'ibimera [J]. Ikoranabuhanga mu by'Ubuhinzi, 2021,42 (4):12-15.