Ibisobanuro

Kugeza ubu, uruganda rw’ibihingwa rumaze kubona neza ubworozi bw’ingemwe z’imboga nkimbuto, inyanya, urusenda, ingemwe, na melon, biha abahinzi ingemwe nziza cyane mu byiciro, kandi umusaruro uva nyuma yo gutera ni mwiza.Inganda z’ibihingwa zabaye uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gutanga ingemwe ku nganda z’imboga, kandi zigira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ivugurura ry’imiterere y’inganda z’imboga, kwemeza imboga zo mu mijyi n’umusaruro w’imboga rwatsi.

Gutera gahunda yo korora ingemwe zinganda nibikoresho byingenzi bya tekiniki

Nka sisitemu nziza cyane yubuhinzi muri iki gihe, gahunda yo korora ingemwe zinganda zihuza uburyo bwa tekiniki burimo amatara yubukorikori, gutanga ibisubizo byintungamubiri, kugenzura ibidukikije-bitatu, kugenzura ibikorwa byubufasha bwikora, gucunga umusaruro wubwenge, nibindi, kandi bigahuza ibinyabuzima, amakuru ikoranabuhanga n'ubwenge bw'ubuhanga.Ubwenge nibindi byagezweho mubuhanga buhanitse biteza imbere iterambere ryinganda. 

LED yububiko bwa sisitemu yububiko

Kubaka ibidukikije byoroheje ni bumwe mu buhanga bwibanze bwa gahunda yo korora ingemwe mu nganda z’ibimera, kandi ni nayo soko nyamukuru yo gukoresha ingufu mu gutanga ingemwe.Ibidukikije byoroheje byinganda zinganda bifite imiterere ihindagurika, kandi ibidukikije birashobora kugengwa kuva murwego rwinshi nkubwiza bwurumuri, ubukana bwurumuri na Photoperiod, kandi mugihe kimwe, ibintu bitandukanye byumucyo birashobora gutezimbere no guhuzwa mugihe gikurikiranye kugirango bibe a urumuri rworoshye rwo guhinga ingemwe, kwemeza ibidukikije bikwiye kugirango bihinge ingemwe.Kubwibyo, hashingiwe ku biranga urumuri rusabwa hamwe nintego zumusaruro witerambere ryingemwe zitandukanye, muguhindura ibipimo byumucyo ningamba zo gutanga urumuri, hashyizweho isoko idasanzwe yo kuzigama ingufu za LED itanga urumuri, rushobora kuzamura cyane ingufu zingufu zoguhindura ingemwe. , guteza imbere kwegeranya biomass yingemwe, no kuzamura ubwiza bwumusaruro w ingemwe, mugihe kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa nigiciro cyumusaruro.Byongeye kandi, kugenzura ibidukikije byoroheje nuburyo bukomeye bwa tekiniki mugikorwa cyo gutunga ingemwe no gukiza ingemwe zatewe.

Sisitemu itandukanye-igizwe na sisitemu yo gutera imbuto

Ubworozi bw'ingemwe mu ruganda rw'ibihingwa bikorwa hakoreshejwe igorofa-igizwe n'ibice bitatu.Binyuze muburyo bwa moderi ya sisitemu, guteranya byihuse sisitemu yo kuzamura ingemwe irashobora kugerwaho.Umwanya uri hagati yikigega urashobora guhindurwa kuburyo bworoshye kugirango uhuze ibisabwa kugirango ubworozi bwubwoko butandukanye bwingemwe kandi bizamure igipimo cyimikoreshereze yumwanya.Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu yimbuto, sisitemu yo kumurika, hamwe na gahunda yo kuhira amazi n’ifumbire ifasha imbuto kugira ibikorwa byombi byo gutwara abantu, bikaba byoroshye kwimukira mu mahugurwa atandukanye nko kubiba, kumera no gutunga, kandi bigabanya imirimo gukoresha uburyo bwo gufata ingemwe.

Sisitemu itandukanye-igizwe na sisitemu yo gutera imbuto 

Kuvomera amazi n’ifumbire bifata cyane cyane ubwoko bwamazi, ubwoko bwa spray nubundi buryo, binyuze mugucunga neza igihe ninshuro yo gutanga ibisubizo byintungamubiri, kugirango bigerweho kimwe no gukoresha neza amazi nintungamubiri.Hamwe na formulaire idasanzwe yintungamubiri yingemwe, irashobora guhuza imikurire niterambere bikenerwa byingemwe kandi bigatuma ingemwe zikura vuba kandi nziza.Byongeye kandi, binyuze muri sisitemu yo gutunga intungamubiri za ion hamwe na sisitemu yo gukemura intungamubiri, intungamubiri zirashobora kuzuzwa mugihe, mugihe wirinze kwirundanya kwa mikorobe na metabolite ya kabiri bigira ingaruka kumikurire isanzwe yingemwe. 

Sisitemu yo kugenzura ibidukikije

Kugenzura neza kandi neza ibidukikije ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize gahunda yo gukwirakwiza ingemwe z’uruganda.Imiterere yo gufata neza uruganda rwibihingwa ikusanyirizwa hamwe mubikoresho bidasobanutse kandi bikingira cyane.Hashingiwe kuri ibyo, kugenzura urumuri, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko wumuyaga, na CO2 ntaho bihuriye nibidukikije.Binyuze mu iyubakwa rya moderi ya CFD kugirango hongerwe imiterere yumuyoboro wikirere, uhujwe nuburyo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije, gukwirakwiza kimwe ibintu bidukikije nkubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko wumuyaga, na CO2 mumwanya w’umuco mwinshi urashobora kugerwaho.Kugenzura ibidukikije byubwenge bigerwaho nogukwirakwiza ibyuma no kugenzura amakuru, kandi kugihe nyacyo cyibidukikije byose bihingwa bikorwa binyuze mumikoranire hagati yikigo gishinzwe kugenzura na sisitemu yo kugenzura.Byongeye kandi, gukoresha urumuri rwakonje rwamazi no kuzenguruka kwamazi, hamwe no gutangiza amasoko akonje yo hanze, birashobora kugera ku gukonjesha kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya gukoresha ingufu zikonjesha.

Ibikoresho byikora byikora

Ibikorwa byo korora ingemwe zinganda birakomeye, ubwinshi bwibikorwa ni byinshi, umwanya urahuzagurika, kandi ibikoresho byunganira byikora ni ngombwa.Gukoresha ibikoresho byunganira byikora ntabwo bifasha gusa kugabanya imikoreshereze yumurimo, ahubwo bifasha no kunoza imikorere yubuhinzi.Ibikoresho byikora byateguwe kugeza ubu birimo imashini itwikira ubutaka, imbuto, imashini ishushanya, AGV logistique itanga trolley, nibindi. Igenzurwa na porogaramu ishinzwe imiyoborere yubwenge, imikorere idafite abadereva yuburyo bwose bwo korora ingemwe irashobora kuba ahanini byagaragaye.Byongeye kandi, tekinoroji yo kureba imashini nayo igira uruhare runini mugikorwa cyo korora ingemwe.Ntabwo ifasha gusa gukurikirana imiterere yikura ryingemwe, ifasha mugucunga ingemwe zubucuruzi, ahubwo inakora igenzura ryikora ryingemwe zidakomeye ningemwe zapfuye.Ukuboko kwa robo gukuramo no kuzuza ingemwe.

Ibyiza byo korora ingemwe zinganda

Urwego rwo hejuru rwo kugenzura ibidukikije rutanga umusaruro wumwaka

Bitewe n'ubworozi bw'ingemwe, kugenzura ibidukikije bihingwa ni ngombwa cyane.Mu bihe by’uruganda rw’ibihingwa, ibintu bidukikije nkumucyo, ubushyuhe, amazi, umwuka, ifumbire na CO2 biragenzurwa cyane, bishobora gutanga ibidukikije byiza byo gukura kwororoka kw ingemwe, hatitawe kubihe n'ibihe.Byongeye kandi, muburyo bwo korora ingemwe zatewe no gutema ingemwe, inzira yo gutera igikomere no gutandukanya imizi bisaba kugenzura ibidukikije cyane, kandi inganda n’ibimera nazo zitwara neza.Ihinduka ry’ibidukikije by’uruganda rw’ibihingwa ubwaryo rirakomeye, bityo rikaba rifite akamaro kanini mu gutanga ingemwe z’imboga mu gihe kitari ubworozi cyangwa mu bihe bikabije, kandi rishobora gutanga inkunga y’ingemwe kugira ngo imboga zitangwe buri gihe.Byongeye kandi, ubworozi bw'ingemwe zinganda zi bimera ntibugarukira ku mwanya, kandi birashobora gukorerwa aho mu nkengero z’imijyi n’ahantu hahurira abantu benshi.Ibisobanuro biroroshye kandi birahinduka, bigafasha umusaruro mwinshi no gutanga hafi yingemwe nziza, bitanga inkunga yingenzi mugutezimbere ubuhinzi bwimboga mumijyi. 

Mugabanye ubworozi bworozi kandi mutezimbere ubwiza bwingemwe

Mu bihe by’uruganda rw’ibihingwa, bitewe no kugenzura neza ibintu bitandukanye bikura by’ibidukikije, ubworozi bw’ingemwe bugabanukaho 30% kugeza kuri 50% ugereranije nuburyo gakondo.Kugabanuka kwinzira yubworozi birashobora kongera umusaruro w ingemwe, kongera umusaruro wumusaruro, no kugabanya ingaruka zikorwa ziterwa nihindagurika ryisoko.Ku bahinzi, bifasha guhinga hakiri kare no gutera, gutangiza isoko hakiri kare, no kuzamura isoko.Ku rundi ruhande, ingemwe zororerwa mu ruganda rw’ibihingwa zifite isuku kandi zihamye, ibipimo ngenderwaho by’imiterere n’ubuziranenge byateye imbere ku buryo bugaragara, kandi imikorere y’umusaruro nyuma yo gukoronizwa ni nziza.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko inyanya, urusenda nimbuto byimbuto byororerwa mubihe byuruganda rwibimera ntabwo biteza imbere gusa ibibabi, uburebure bwibiti, diameter yumuti, imbaraga zumuzi nibindi bipimo, ahubwo binatezimbere guhuza n'imihindagurikire, kurwanya indwara, gutandukanya indabyo nyuma yo gukoronizwa.Kandi umusaruro nibindi bintu bifite ibyiza bigaragara.Umubare w’indabyo z’umugore kuri buri gihingwa wiyongereyeho 33.8% naho imbuto ku gihingwa ziyongera 37.3% nyuma yo gutera ingemwe zimbuto zororerwa mu nganda z’ibihingwa.Hamwe nogukomeza ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kuri biologiya y’ibidukikije bitera imbere, inganda z’ibimera zizarushaho gusobanuka no kugenzurwa mu gushiraho imiterere y’ingemwe no kunoza ibikorwa bya physiologiya.

 Kugereranya uko ingemwe zatewe muri pariki n’inganda zihingwa

Gukoresha neza umutungo kugirango ugabanye ibiciro byingemwe

Uruganda rw’uruganda rukoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo guhinga, kumenyeshwa amakuru n’inganda, ku buryo buri sano y’umusaruro w’ingemwe igenzurwa cyane, kandi imikorere yo gukoresha umutungo ikazamuka cyane.Imbuto nizo zikoreshwa cyane mu bworozi bw'ingemwe.Bitewe n'imikorere idahwitse hamwe no kutagenzura ibidukikije byatewe ningemwe gakondo, hariho ibibazo nko kutamera cyangwa gukura kwimbuto nke, bikavamo imyanda nini murwego rwo kuva kubuto kugeza ku ngemwe zubucuruzi.Mu ruganda rw’ibihingwa, binyuze mu guhitamo imbuto, kubiba neza no kugenzura neza ibidukikije byo guhinga, imikoreshereze y’imbuto iratera imbere cyane, kandi dosiye irashobora kugabanuka hejuru ya 30%.Amazi, ifumbire hamwe nubundi buryo nabwo bukoreshwa cyane mukuzamura ingemwe gakondo, kandi ibintu byangiza umutungo birakomeye.Mu bihe by’inganda z’ibihingwa, hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryuhira neza, imikorere y’amazi n’ifumbire irashobora kwiyongera hejuru ya 70%.Byongeye kandi, kubera ubwuzuzanye bw'imiterere y'uruganda rw’uruganda ubwabwo hamwe n’uburinganire bw’ibidukikije, ingufu n’imikoreshereze ya CO2 mu gihe cyo gukwirakwiza ingemwe nazo ziratera imbere ku buryo bugaragara.

Ugereranije no guhinga imbuto zisanzwe zifunguye no kuzamura ingemwe za pariki, ikintu kinini kiranga ubworozi bw'ingemwe mu nganda z’ibimera ni uko gishobora gukorwa mu buryo butandukanye.Mu ruganda rw’ibihingwa, ubworozi bw’ingemwe burashobora kwagurwa kuva mu ndege kugera ku mwanya uhagaze, ibyo bikaba bitezimbere cyane ubworozi bw’ingemwe kuri buri gice cyubutaka kandi bikazamura neza imikoreshereze yumwanya.Kurugero, module isanzwe yo korora ingemwe yakozwe na societe yibinyabuzima, mugihe cyo gutwikira ubuso bwa 4.68 ㎡, irashobora korora ingemwe zirenga 10,000 mugice kimwe, zishobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya imboga 3.3 Mu (2201.1 ㎡). ibikenewe.Mugihe cyubwinshi bwubwinshi bwibice bitatu byubworozi-buke, gushyigikira ibikoresho byunganira byikora hamwe na sisitemu yo gutwara abantu n'ibintu byubwenge birashobora kuzamura cyane imikorere yimikoreshereze yumurimo no kuzigama abakozi hejuru ya 50%.

Ubworozi bw'ingemwe bwihanganira cyane kugirango bifashe umusaruro wicyatsi

Ibidukikije bisukuye by’uruganda rw’ibihingwa birashobora kugabanya cyane kugaragara kw’udukoko n’indwara mu bworozi.Muri icyo gihe, binyuze mu buryo bunoze bw’ibidukikije by’umuco, ingemwe zakozwe zizagira imbaraga nyinshi, zishobora kugabanya cyane gutera imiti yica udukoko mugihe cyo gukwirakwiza no gutera.Byongeye kandi, mu korora ingemwe zidasanzwe nk'ingemwe zatewe no gutema ingemwe, ingamba zo kurwanya icyatsi nk'urumuri, ubushyuhe, amazi n'ifumbire mu ruganda rw'ibihingwa zirashobora gukoreshwa mu gusimbuza ikoreshwa ryinshi rya hormone mu bikorwa gakondo kugira ngo harebwe kwihaza mu biribwa, kugabanya kwanduza ibidukikije, no kugera ku ngemwe z'icyatsi Umusaruro urambye.

Isesengura ryibiciro byumusaruro 

Inzira zinganda zihingwa zongera inyungu zubukungu bwingemwe zirimo ibice bibiri.Ku ruhande rumwe, mugutezimbere igishushanyo mbonera, imikorere isanzwe no gukoresha ibikoresho nibikoresho byubwenge, birashobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ryimbuto, amashanyarazi nakazi murwego rwo korora ingemwe, kandi bigateza imbere amazi, ifumbire, ubushyuhe, nogukoresha ingufu .Imikoreshereze ya gaze na CO2 igabanya ikiguzi cyo korora ingemwe;kurundi ruhande, binyuze mugucunga neza ibidukikije no gutezimbere imigendekere yimikorere, igihe cyo korora ingemwe kigabanuka, kandi buri mwaka icyiciro cyubworozi n’umusaruro w ingemwe buri mwanya wiyongereye, ibyo bikaba bihiganwa kumasoko. 

Hamwe no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ry’uruganda rw’ibihingwa no gukomeza kunoza ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije ku bijyanye no guhinga ingemwe, ikiguzi cyo korora ingemwe mu nganda z’ibimera ahanini ni kimwe n’ubuhinzi bwa pariki gakondo, kandi ubwiza n’isoko by’ingemwe biri hejuru.Dufashe ingemwe zimbuto nkurugero, ibikoresho byumusaruro bifite igice kinini, bingana na 37% yikiguzi cyose, harimo imbuto, igisubizo cyintungamubiri, imiyoboro yamashanyarazi, insimburangingo, nibindi. Gukoresha ingufu z'amashanyarazi bingana na 24% byuzuye. igiciro, harimo itara ryibimera, ubukonje hamwe nintungamubiri zumuti pompe ikoresha ingufu, nibindi, nicyerekezo nyamukuru cyo gutezimbere ejo hazaza.Byongeye kandi, umubare muto w'abakozi ni ikintu kiranga umusaruro w'uruganda.Hamwe no gukomeza kwiyongera kurwego rwo kwikora, ibiciro byo gukoresha abakozi bizagabanuka.Mu bihe biri imbere, inyungu z’ubukungu zo korora ingemwe mu nganda z’ibihingwa zirashobora kurushaho kunozwa binyuze mu guteza imbere ibihingwa byongerewe agaciro ndetse no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi bw’inganda ku ngemwe z’ibiti by’amashyamba bifite agaciro.

Ingemwe zimbuto zimbuto zigizwe /%

Imiterere yinganda

Mu myaka yashize, ibigo byubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bihagarariwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi bwo mu mijyi cy’ishuri ry’ubumenyi bw’ubuhinzi mu Bushinwa, hamwe n’inganda zikorana buhanga buhanitse zabonye inganda zo korora ingemwe mu nganda z’ibihingwa.Irashobora guha ingemwe umurongo utanga umusaruro winganda kuva imbuto kugeza kugaragara.Muri byo, uruganda rw’ibihingwa muri Shanxi rwubatswe rushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mwaka wa 2019 rufite ubuso bungana na 3.500 ㎡ kandi rushobora korora ingemwe 800.000 cyangwa ingemwe z’inyanya 550.000 mu gihe cyiminsi 30.Urundi ruganda rworora ingemwe zubatswe rufite ubuso bwa 2300 ㎡ kandi rushobora gutanga ingemwe miliyoni 8-10 kumwaka.Uruganda rukiza rugendanwa rwatewe ningemwe zatewe mu bwigenge n’ikigo cy’ubuhinzi bwo mu mijyi, Ishuri ry’Ubuhinzi ry’Ubuhinzi ry’Ubushinwa rirashobora gutanga umurongo wo guteranya no gutunga urugo rwo guhinga ingemwe zatewe.Umwanya umwe ukoreramo urashobora gufata ingemwe zirenga 10,000 icyarimwe.Mu bihe biri imbere, biteganijwe ko ubwoko butandukanye bw’ubworozi bw’ingemwe mu nganda z’ibihingwa buteganijwe kurushaho kwaguka, kandi urwego rw’imikorere n’ubwenge ruzakomeza gutera imbere.

Uruganda rukiza rugendanwa rwatewe ningemwe zashizweho n'Ikigo gishinzwe ubuhinzi bwo mu mijyi, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuhinzi mu Bushinwa

Outlook

Nkumushinga mushya wo kuzamura ingemwe zinganda, inganda zibihingwa zifite ibyiza byinshi nubushobozi bwo kugurisha ugereranije nuburyo gakondo bwo guhinga ingemwe muburyo bwo kugenzura neza ibidukikije, gukoresha neza umutungo nibikorwa bisanzwe.Mugabanye gukoresha umutungo nkimbuto, amazi, ifumbire, ingufu nimbaraga zubworozi bwingemwe, no kuzamura umusaruro nubwiza bwingemwe kuri buri gice, ikiguzi cyo korora ingemwe muruganda rwibimera kizakomeza kugabanuka, nibicuruzwa barushanwe ku isoko.Harakenewe cyane ingemwe mu Bushinwa.Usibye umusaruro w’ibihingwa gakondo nkimboga, ingemwe zongerewe agaciro nkindabyo, imiti y’ibimera yo mu Bushinwa n’ibiti bidasanzwe biteganijwe ko byororerwa mu nganda z’ibimera, kandi inyungu z’ubukungu zikarushaho kunozwa.Muri icyo gihe, urubuga rwo korora ingemwe mu nganda rugomba gutekereza ku guhuza no guhuza ubworozi butandukanye bw’ingemwe kugira ngo bikemure isoko ry’ubworozi bw’ingemwe mu bihe bitandukanye.

Igitekerezo cyibinyabuzima byororoka by ingemwe nifatizo yo kugenzura neza ibidukikije byinganda.Ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bijyanye no kugena imiterere y’ibihingwa byatewe na fotosintezeza n’ibindi bikorwa bya physiologique bitewe n’ibidukikije nk’umucyo, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe na CO2 bizafasha gushyiraho uburyo bwo guhuza ingemwe n’ibidukikije, bishobora kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu mbuto n’ingemwe kandi kuzamura ubwiza n'umusaruro w'ingemwe.Ubwiza butanga ishingiro.Hashingiwe kuri ibyo, kugenzura ikoranabuhanga n’ibikoresho bifite urumuri nkibyingenzi kandi bifatanije n’ibindi bidukikije, kandi uhindure umusaruro w’ingemwe zifite ubwoko bw’ibihingwa byihariye, uburinganire buhanitse kandi bufite ireme kugira ngo wuzuze ibisabwa mu buhinzi bwimbitse no gukoresha imashini mu gihingwa. inganda zirashobora gutezwa imbere.Ubwanyuma, itanga urufatiro rwa tekiniki yo kubaka sisitemu yo gutanga ingemwe ya digitale kandi ikanamenya ubworozi bwimbuto zisanzwe, zitagira abadereva na digitale mu nganda z’ibihingwa.

Umwanditsi: Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, nibindi 

Ibisobanuro byatanzwe:

Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, Yang Qichang. Koresha ibikoresho bya tekiniki n’inganda zo korora ingemwe mu nganda z’ibihingwa [J].Ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi, 2021.42 (4): 12-15.