[Incamake] Hashingiwe ku makuru menshi y’igerageza, iyi nkuru ivuga ku ngingo nyinshi z’ingenzi mu guhitamo ubwiza bw’urumuri mu nganda z’inganda, harimo guhitamo amasoko y’urumuri, ingaruka z’urumuri rutukura, ubururu n’umuhondo, no guhitamo imiterere ya spectral, kugira ngo haboneke ibisobanuro ku bwiza bw’urumuri mu nganda z’inganda. Kugena ingamba zo guhuza bitanga ibisubizo bimwe na bimwe bifatika bishobora gukoreshwa mu kwifashisha.
Guhitamo isoko y'urumuri

Inganda z’inganda muri rusange zikoresha amatara ya LED. Ibi biterwa nuko amatara ya LED afite imiterere yo gukoresha urumuri rwinshi, gukoresha ingufu nke, gutanga ubushyuhe buke, kumara igihe kirekire no guhindura ubukana bw’urumuri n’umuvuduko w’urumuri, ibyo bikaba bitashobora gusa kuzuza ibisabwa mu gukura kw’ibimera no kwegeranya ibikoresho neza, ahubwo binagabanya ingufu, bigabanye ikiguzi cyo gutanga ubushyuhe n’amashanyarazi. Amatara ya LED akura ashobora kugabanywamo amatara ya LED afite spectrum imwe ku buryo rusange, amatara ya LED afite spectrum imwe ku buryo rusange, n’amatara ya LED afite spectrum nyinshi ahuza. Igiciro cy’amatara ya LED y’ubwoko bubiri bwa nyuma muri rusange ni inshuro zirenga 5 z’amatara asanzwe ya LED, bityo amasoko atandukanye y’urumuri agomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe intego zitandukanye. Ku nganda nini z’inganda, ubwoko bw’ibimera bahinga burahinduka bitewe n’uko isoko rikenewe. Kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo kubaka kandi ntibigire ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro, umwanditsi atanga inama yo gukoresha ibyuma bya LED bifite spectrum nyinshi ku buryo rusange nk’isoko y’urumuri. Ku nganda nto, iyo ubwoko bw'ibimera buhagaze neza, kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kuba mwiza kandi ufite ireme nta kongera ikiguzi cy'ubwubatsi, uduce twa LED twinshi two mu bwoko bwa 'spectrum' two mu bwoko bwa 'plant' cyangwa utw'urumuri rusange dushobora gukoreshwa nk'isoko y'urumuri. Niba ari ukwiga ingaruka z'urumuri ku mikurire y'ibimera no kwibumbira mu bintu bifite akamaro, kugira ngo haboneke 'formula' nziza y'urumuri rwo gukora ku bwinshi mu gihe kizaza, uruvange rw'amatara ya LED ahinduka hakoreshejwe 'multi-chip' rushobora gukoreshwa mu guhindura ibintu nk'ubukana bw'urumuri, 'spectrum' n'igihe cy'urumuri kugira ngo haboneke 'formula' nziza y'urumuri kuri buri kimera bityo bigatanga ishingiro ry'umusaruro munini.

Itara ritukura n'ubururu

Ku bijyanye n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byihariye, iyo ingano y'urumuri rutukura (R) iri hejuru y'iy'urumuri rw'ubururu (B) (lestuce R:B = 6:2 na 7:3; epinari R:B = 4:1; ingemwe z'ibijumba R:B = 7:3; ingemwe z'ibijumba R:B = 7:3), igerageza ryagaragaje ko ingano y'ibimera (harimo uburebure bw'ikimera mu kirere, ubuso ntarengwa bw'ikibabi, uburemere bushya n'uburemere bwumye, nibindi) byari hejuru, ariko uburebure bw'igiti n'ingano ikomeye y'ibimera byari binini iyo ingano y'urumuri rw'ubururu yari hejuru y'iy'urumuri rutukura. Ku bipimo bya biochemical, ingano y'urumuri rutukura iri hejuru y'urumuri rw'ubururu muri rusange ni ingirakamaro mu kongera ingano y'isukari ishongesha mu bimera. Ariko, kugira ngo VC, poroteyine ishongesha, chlorophyll na carotenoids zirundanye mu bimera, ni byiza cyane gukoresha amatara ya LED afite ingano y'urumuri rw'ubururu nyinshi kurusha iy'urumuri rutukura, kandi ingano ya malondialdehyde nayo iri hasi muri ubu buryo bw'urumuri.

Kubera ko uruganda rw’ibimera rukoreshwa cyane cyane mu guhinga imboga z’amababi cyangwa mu korora imbuto z’inganda, dushobora kwemeza dukurikije ibyavuzwe haruguru ko hashingiwe ku kongera umusaruro no kwita ku bwiza, bikwiye gukoresha utubumbe twa LED dufite urumuri rutukura rwinshi kuruta urumuri rw’ubururu nk’urumuri. Igipimo cyiza ni R:B = 7:3. Byongeye kandi, icyo gipimo cy’urumuri rutukura n’ubururu gikoreshwa cyane cyane ku bwoko bwose bw’imboga z’amababi cyangwa imbuto, kandi nta bisabwa byihariye ku bimera bitandukanye.

Guhitamo uburebure bw'umutuku n'ubururu

Mu gihe cya fotosite, ingufu z'urumuri zinjira ahanini muri chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b. Ishusho iri hepfo igaragaza uburyo spectra y'urumuri ya chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b ifata, aho umurongo w'icyatsi kibisi ari wo spectra y'urumuri ya chlorophyll a, naho umurongo w'ubururu wa spectra y'urumuri ni wo spectra y'urumuri ya chlorophyll b. Bigaragara ku ishusho ko chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b byombi bifite imisozi ibiri y'urumuri, umwe mu gace k'urumuri rw'ubururu n'undi mu gace k'urumuri rutukura. Ariko imisozi ibiri y'urumuri ya chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b itandukanye gato. Mu by'ukuri, uburebure bw'urumuri rw'urumuri rw'ubururu ni 430 nm na 662 nm, uko bikurikirana, naho uburebure bw'urumuri rw'ubururu bw'ubururu ni 453 nm na 642 nm, uko bikurikirana. Iyi mibare ine y'urumuri ntizahinduka ku bimera bitandukanye, bityo guhitamo uburebure bw'urumuri rw'umutuku n'ubururu mu isoko y'urumuri ntibizahinduka ku moko atandukanye y'ibimera.

Uburyo chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b byinjizwamo

Itara risanzwe rya LED rifite spectrum nini rishobora gukoreshwa nk'isoko y'urumuri rw'uruganda, igihe cyose urumuri rutukura n'ubururu rushobora gutwikira uburebure bubiri bw'uburebure bwa chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b, ni ukuvuga ko uburebure bw'uburebure bw'urumuri rutukura muri rusange ari 620 ~ 680 nm, mu gihe urumuri rw'ubururu uburebure bw'uburebure buri hagati ya 400 na 480 nm. Ariko, uburebure bw'uburebure bw'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu ntibugomba kuba bunini cyane kuko butangiza gusa ingufu z'urumuri, ahubwo bushobora no kugira izindi ngaruka.

Iyo itara rya LED rigizwe n'udupira dutukura, umuhondo n'ubururu rikoreshejwe nk'isoko y'urumuri rw'uruganda, uburebure bw'urumuri rutukura bugomba gushyirwa ku rugero rw'uburebure bwa chlorophyll a, ni ukuvuga kuri 660 nm, uburebure bw'urumuri rw'ubururu bugomba gushyirwa ku rugero rw'uburebure bwa chlorophyll b, ni ukuvuga kuri 450 nm.

Uruhare rw'urumuri rw'umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi

Birakwiye cyane iyo igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura, icyatsi kibisi n'ubururu ari R:G:B=6:1:3. Ku bijyanye no kumenya uburebure bw'urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi, kubera ko ahanini rugira uruhare mu kugenzura iterambere ry'ibimera, rugomba kuba hagati ya 530 na 550 nm.

Incamake

Iyi nkuru ivuga ku ngamba zo guhitamo ubuziranenge bw'urumuri mu nganda z'ibimera uhereye ku ngingo z'inyigisho n'iz'ingirakamaro, harimo guhitamo uburebure bw'urumuri rutukura n'ubururu mu isoko y'urumuri rwa LED ndetse n'uruhare n'ikigereranyo cy'urumuri rw'umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi. Mu mikurire y'ibimera, guhuza neza ibintu bitatu by'ubukana bw'urumuri, ubuziranenge bw'urumuri n'igihe cy'urumuri, hamwe n'isano bifitanye n'intungamubiri, ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe, hamwe n'ubwinshi bwa CO2 nabyo bigomba gusuzumwa neza. Ku musaruro nyawo, waba uteganya gukoresha urumuri rwa LED rufite spectrum nini cyangwa urumuri rwa LED rufite spectrum nyinshi, igipimo cy'uburebure bw'urumuri ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kigomba kwitabwaho, kuko uretse ubuziranenge bw'urumuri, ibindi bintu bishobora guhindurwa mu gihe nyacyo mu gihe cy'imikorere. Kubwibyo, ikintu cy'ingenzi mu cyiciro cyo gushushanya inganda z'ibimera kigomba kuba guhitamo ubuziranenge bw'urumuri.

Umwanditsi: Yong Xu

Inkomoko y'inyandiko: Wechat account of Agricultural Engineering Technology (ubuhinzi bw'imboga n'ibimera)

Reba: Yong Xu,Ingamba zo guhitamo ubuziranenge bworoheje mu nganda z'inganda [J]. Ikoranabuhanga mu by'Ubwubatsi mu Buhinzi, 2022, 42(4): 22-25.