Ubuhinzi bwubuhinzi bwubuhinzi bwo guhinga parikiYatangajwe i Beijing saa 17h30 ku ya 13 Mutarama 2023.

Kwinjiza ibintu byinshi byintungamubiri ninzira ifitanye isano rya hafi nibikorwa byo guhinduranya imizi yibiti.Izi nzira zisaba imbaraga zituruka kumyuka ihumeka, kandi kwinjiza amazi nabyo bigengwa nubushyuhe nubuhumekero, kandi guhumeka bisaba uruhare rwa ogisijeni, bityo ogisijeni mubidukikije ikagira ingaruka zikomeye kumikurire isanzwe y ibihingwa.Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi uterwa nubushyuhe nubunyu, kandi imiterere ya substrate igena umwuka mubi mubidukikije.Kuhira bifite itandukaniro rinini mu kuvugurura no kuzuza ibintu bya ogisijeni muri substrate hamwe n’ibintu bitandukanye by’amazi.Hariho ibintu byinshi byoguhindura ogisijeni mubidukikije, ariko urugero rwa buri kintu kiratandukanye.Kugumana ubushobozi bwuzuye bwamazi yo gufata amazi (ibirimwo ikirere) nicyo kintu cyo gukomeza umwuka wa ogisijeni mwinshi mubidukikije.

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe hamwe n'umunyu mwinshi wa ogisijeni wuzuye mubisubizo

Amazi ya ogisijeni yamenetse mumazi

Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga ushonga muri ogisijeni idafunze cyangwa yubusa mu mazi, kandi ibirimo ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi bizagera ku gipimo kinini ku bushyuhe runaka, aribwo ogisijeni yuzuye.Umwuka wa ogisijeni wuzuye mu mazi uhinduka hamwe n'ubushyuhe, kandi iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongereye, umwuka wa ogisijeni uragabanuka.Umwuka wa ogisijeni wuzuye mu mazi meza uruta uw'amazi yo mu nyanja arimo umunyu (Igicapo1), bityo umwuka wa ogisijeni wuzuye wuzuye mu ntungamubiri zuzuye hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye bizaba bitandukanye.

Gutwara ogisijeni muri matrix

Umwuka wa ogisijeni umuzi w’ibihingwa ushobora gukura mu ntungamubiri zigomba kuba mu bwisanzure, kandi ogisijeni itwarwa muri substrate ikoresheje umwuka, amazi n’amazi bikikije imizi.Iyo iringaniye hamwe na ogisijeni iri mu kirere ku bushyuhe runaka, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi ugera ku ntera ndende, kandi ihinduka ry’ibintu bya ogisijeni mu kirere bizatuma ihinduka ry’imiterere ya ogisijeni mu mazi.

Ingaruka ziterwa na hypoxia mubidukikije kumizi

Impamvu zitera hypoxia

Hariho impamvu nyinshi zituma ibyago bya hypoxia muri hydroponique na sisitemu yo guhinga substrate byiyongera mugihe cyizuba.Mbere ya byose, umwuka wa ogisijeni wuzuye mu mazi uzagabanuka uko ubushyuhe buzamuka.Icya kabiri, ogisijene isabwa kugirango imikurire ikure yiyongere hamwe n'ubushyuhe.Byongeye kandi, ingano yo kwinjiza intungamubiri ni nyinshi mu cyi, bityo rero umwuka wa ogisijeni wo kwinjiza intungamubiri ni mwinshi.Bitera kugabanuka kwa ogisijeni mubidukikije no kubura inyongera zifatika, biganisha kuri hypoxia mubidukikije.

Gukuramo no gukura

Kwinjiza intungamubiri zingenzi biterwa nuburyo bufitanye isano rya hafi na metabolism yumuzi, bisaba imbaraga zituruka kumyuka ihumeka, ni ukuvuga kubora ibicuruzwa bya fotosintetike imbere ya ogisijeni.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko 10% ~ 20% bya assimilate yibihingwa byinyanya bikoreshwa mu mizi, 50% byayo bikoreshwa mu kwinjiza intungamubiri za ion, 40% mu mikurire na 10% gusa mu kubungabunga.Imizi igomba kubona ogisijeni mubidukikije aho irekura CO₂.Mugihe cya anaerobic iterwa no guhumeka nabi muri substrate na hydroponique, hypoxia izagira ingaruka kumyunyu ngugu nintungamubiri.Hypoxia ifite igisubizo cyihuse cyo kwinjiza neza intungamubiri, arizo nitrate (OYA)₃^-), potasiyumu (K) na fosifate (PO₄^3-), bizabangamira kwinjiza pasitoro ya calcium (Ca) na magnesium (Mg).

Gukura kw'imizi y'ibimera bikenera ingufu, ibikorwa bisanzwe byumuzi bikenera ingufu za ogisijeni nkeya, kandi umwuka wa ogisijeni uri munsi yagaciro ka COP uhinduka ikintu kigabanya metabolisme yumuzi (hypoxia).Iyo urwego rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi, imikurire iratinda cyangwa igahagarara.Niba umuzi hypoxia igice kigira ingaruka gusa kumashami namababi, sisitemu yumuzi irashobora kwishyura igice cyumuzi wa sisitemu itagikora kubwimpamvu runaka mukwongera kwinjirira kwaho.

Uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibimera biterwa na ogisijeni nkuwakira electron.Hatabayeho ogisijeni, umusaruro wa ATP uzahagarara.Hatabayeho ATP, gusohoka kwa proton kuva mumizi bizahagarara, ingirabuzimafatizo ya selile yumuzi izahinduka aside, kandi selile zipfa mumasaha make.Hypoxia yigihe gito nigihe gito ntabwo izatera imirire idasubirwaho mubihingwa.Kubera uburyo bwa "nitrate respiration", birashobora kuba igihe gito cyo guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere kugira ngo duhangane na hypoxia nk'ubundi buryo mu gihe cya hypoxia.Nyamara, hypoxia yamara igihe kirekire izatera gukura gahoro, kugabanuka kwamababi no kugabanya ibiro bishya kandi byumye, ibyo bigatuma umusaruro wibihingwa ugabanuka cyane.

Ethylene

Ibimera bizakora Ethylene muburyo bwo guhangayika cyane.Ubusanzwe, Ethylene ikurwa mu mizi ikwirakwizwa mu kirere cy'ubutaka.Iyo amazi atangiye kubaho, imiterere ya Ethylene ntiziyongera gusa, ahubwo no gukwirakwizwa bizagabanuka cyane kuko imizi ikikijwe namazi.Ubwiyongere bwa Ethylene bwibanze bizatuma habaho ingirabuzimafatizo mu mizi (Ishusho 2).Ethylene irashobora kandi gutera amababi senescence, kandi imikoranire hagati ya Ethylene na auxin izongera imizi yimizi idasanzwe.

Guhangayikishwa na Oxygene itera gukura kw'amababi

ABA ikorerwa mumizi namababi kugirango ihangane nibibazo bitandukanye bidukikije.Mubidukikije, igisubizo gisanzwe kubibazo ni ugufunga stomatal, bikubiyemo gushiraho ABA.Mbere yuko stomata ifunga, hejuru yikimera gitakaza umuvuduko wo kubyimba, amababi yo hejuru aranyeganyega, kandi imikorere ya fotosintetike nayo irashobora kugabanuka.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko stomata yitabira kwiyongera kwa ABA muri apoplast mu gufunga, ni ukuvuga ko ibirimo ABA byose mubibabi bitarekura ABA idasanzwe, ibimera bishobora kongera ubukana bwa apoplast ABA vuba cyane.Iyo ibimera bihangayikishijwe n’ibidukikije, bitangira kurekura ABA mu ngirabuzimafatizo, kandi ikimenyetso cyo kurekura imizi gishobora kwanduzwa mu minota aho kuba amasaha.Ubwiyongere bwa ABA mubice byamababi birashobora kugabanya kurambura urukuta rwakagari kandi biganisha ku kugabanuka kwamababi.Iyindi ngaruka ya hypoxia nuko igihe cyo kubaho kwamababi kigufi, kizagira ingaruka kumababi yose.Hypoxia mubisanzwe itera kugabanuka kwa cytokinin na transport ya nitrate.Kubura azote cyangwa cytokinine bizagabanya igihe cyo gufata neza amababi kandi bihagarike imikurire yamashami namababi muminsi mike.

Gutezimbere umwuka wa ogisijeni ya sisitemu yumuzi

Ibiranga substrate ni ngombwa mu gukwirakwiza amazi na ogisijeni.Ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni mu mizi y’imboga rwatsi cyane cyane bifitanye isano nubushobozi bwo gufata amazi ya substrate, kuhira (ingano ninshuro), imiterere yubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwa substrate.Gusa iyo ibirimo ogisijeni mubidukikije byibuze byibuze hejuru ya 10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) ibikorwa byumuzi bishobora kugumaho muburyo bwiza.

Sisitemu yumuzi wibihingwa ningirakamaro cyane mu mikurire yikimera no kurwanya indwara ziterwa.Amazi nintungamubiri bizakirwa ukurikije ibikenewe.Nyamara, urugero rwa ogisijeni mu mizi ahanini igena uburyo bwiza bwo kwinjiza intungamubiri n’amazi ndetse nubwiza bwa sisitemu yumuzi.Urwego ruhagije rwa ogisijeni mu mizi ya sisitemu y’umuzi rushobora kwemeza ubuzima bw’imizi, ku buryo ibimera bigira imbaraga zo kurwanya mikorobe zitera indwara (Ishusho 3).Urwego rwa ogisijeni ihagije muri substrate nayo igabanya ingaruka ziterwa na anaerobic, bityo bikagabanya ingaruka ziterwa na mikorobe itera indwara.

Gukoresha ogisijeni mu bidukikije

Umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni wibihingwa urashobora kugera kuri 40mg / m2 / h (gukoresha biterwa nibihingwa).Ukurikije ubushyuhe, amazi yo kuhira ashobora kuba arimo 7 ~ 8mg / L ya ogisijeni (Ishusho 4).Kugirango ugere kuri mg 40, 5L y'amazi agomba gutangwa buri saha kugirango ogisijeni ikenewe, ariko mubyukuri, amafaranga yo kuhira kumunsi umwe ntashobora kugerwaho.Ibi bivuze ko ogisijeni itangwa no kuhira igira uruhare ruto gusa.Ibyinshi mu bitanga umwuka wa ogisijeni bigera mu karere k’umuzi binyuze mu byobo biri muri matrix, kandi uruhare rwo gutanga ogisijeni binyuze mu byobo ni hejuru ya 90%, bitewe n’umunsi.Iyo guhumeka kw'ibimera bigeze kuri byinshi, umubare wo kuhira nawo ugera kuri byinshi, bihwanye na 1 ~ 1.5L / m2 / h.Niba amazi yo kuhira arimo ogisijeni 7mg / L, izatanga ogisijeni 7 ~ 11mg / m2 / h kuri zone yumuzi.Ibi bihwanye na 17% ~ 25% byifuzo.Birumvikana ko ibi bireba gusa ikibazo cyuko amazi yo kuhira ya ogisijeni adahagije asimburwa n’amazi meza yo kuhira.

Usibye kurya imizi, mikorobe mu mizi nayo ikoresha ogisijeni.Biragoye kubara ibi kuko nta bipimo byakozwe muriki kibazo.Kubera ko insimburangingo nshya isimburwa buri mwaka, dushobora gutekereza ko mikorobe igira uruhare ruto ugereranije no gukoresha ogisijeni.

Hindura ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bwimizi

Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bwa sisitemu yumuzi ningirakamaro cyane kumikurire isanzwe nimikorere ya sisitemu yumuzi, kandi kandi nikintu cyingenzi kigira uruhare mukunyunyuza amazi nintungamubiri na sisitemu yumuzi.

Ubushyuhe buke cyane (ubushyuhe bwumuzi) bushobora gutera ingorane zo kwinjiza amazi.Kuri 5 ℃, kwinjiza ni 70% ~ 80% munsi ya 20 ℃.Niba ubushyuhe buke bwa substrate buherekejwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bizaganisha kumera.Kwinjira kwa Ion biragaragara ko biterwa nubushyuhe, bubuza kwinjiza ion ku bushyuhe buke, kandi ibyiyumvo byintungamubiri zitandukanye kubushyuhe biratandukanye.

Ubushyuhe bukabije bwa substrate nabwo ntacyo bumaze, kandi bushobora kuganisha kuri sisitemu nini cyane.Muyandi magambo, hariho gukwirakwiza kutaringaniza ibintu byumye mubihingwa.Kuberako sisitemu yumuzi ari nini cyane, igihombo kidakenewe kizabaho binyuze mubuhumekero, kandi iki gice cyingufu zabuze cyashoboraga gukoreshwa mugice cyo gusarura igihingwa.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa substrate, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga uba muke, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubintu bya ogisijeni mubidukikije kuruta ogisijeni ikoreshwa na mikorobe.Sisitemu yumuzi itwara ogisijeni nyinshi, ndetse iganisha kuri hypoxia mugihe habaye substrate mbi cyangwa imiterere yubutaka, bityo bikagabanya kwinjiza amazi na ion.

Komeza gufata amazi meza ya matrix.

Hariho isano ribi hagati yibirimo byamazi nijanisha ryijanisha rya ogisijeni muri matrix.Iyo amazi yiyongereye, umwuka wa ogisijeni uragabanuka, naho ubundi.Hariho intera ikomeye hagati yibirimo byamazi na ogisijeni muri matrise, ni ukuvuga 80% ~ 85% byamazi (Ishusho 5).Kubungabunga igihe kirekire amazi ari hejuru ya 85% muri substrate bizagira ingaruka kumasoko ya ogisijeni.Ibyinshi mu bitanga umwuka wa ogisijeni (75% ~ 90%) unyuze mu byobo biri muri matrix.

Inyongera yo kuhira ibirimo ogisijeni muri substrate

Imirasire y'izuba myinshi izatuma ogisijeni ikoreshwa cyane kandi igabanye umwuka wa ogisijeni mu mizi (Isanamu 6), kandi isukari nyinshi izatuma ogisijeni ikoreshwa nijoro.Transpiration irakomeye, kwinjiza amazi ni binini, kandi hariho umwuka mwinshi na ogisijeni nyinshi muri substrate.Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ibumoso bwishusho 7 ko umwuka wa ogisijeni uri muri substrate uziyongera gato nyuma yo kuhira bitewe nuko ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi ya substrate ari bwinshi kandi umwuka uri muke cyane.Nkuko bigaragara iburyo bwumutini.7, mugihe cyo kumurika neza ugereranije, umwuka uri muri substrate wiyongera kubera kwinjiza amazi menshi (ibihe bimwe byo kuhira).Ingaruka zijyanye no kuhira kubintu bya ogisijeni muri substrate ni munsi yubushobozi bwamazi yo gufata (ikirere) muri substrate.

Muganire

Mu musaruro nyirizina, ibirimo ogisijeni (umwuka) mubidukikije byumuzi birengagizwa byoroshye, ariko nikintu cyingenzi kugirango imikurire isanzwe yibihingwa hamwe niterambere ryiza ryimizi.

Kugirango ubone umusaruro mwinshi mugihe cyo gutanga umusaruro, ni ngombwa cyane kurinda ibidukikije imizi muburyo bwiza bushoboka.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko O.₂ibirimo mumuzi ya sisitemu iri munsi ya 4mg / L bizagira ingaruka mbi kumikurire yibihingwa.O.₂ibirimo mubidukikije byatewe ahanini no kuhira (ingano yo kuhira ninshuro), imiterere yubutaka, amazi yubutaka, ibimera nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, nuburyo butandukanye bwo gutera bizaba bitandukanye.Algae na mikorobe na byo bifitanye isano runaka na ogisijeni mu mizi y’ibihingwa bya hydroponique.Hypoxia ntabwo itera iterambere ryihuse ryibimera, ahubwo inongera umuvuduko windwara zitera imizi (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) kumikurire yumuzi.

Ingamba zo kuhira zifite uruhare runini kuri O.₂ibirimo muri substrate, kandi nuburyo nuburyo bugenzurwa mugikorwa cyo gutera.Ubushakashatsi bumwebumwe bwo gutera amaroza bwerekanye ko kongera buhoro buhoro amazi muri substrate (mugitondo) bishobora kubona umwuka mwiza wa ogisijeni.Muri substrate ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gufata amazi, substrate irashobora kugumana umwuka wa ogisijeni mwinshi, kandi mugihe kimwe, birakenewe kwirinda itandukaniro ryibintu byamazi hagati yubutaka binyuze mumashanyarazi menshi kandi intera ngufi.Hasi ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi ya substrate, niko itandukaniro riri hagati yubutaka.Ubushuhe buke, kuvomera inshuro nyinshi hamwe nintera ndende bituma hasimburwa ikirere hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwa ogisijeni.

Kuvoma kwa substrate ni ikindi kintu kigira uruhare runini ku gipimo cyo kuvugurura hamwe na ogisijeni igabanya ubukana bwa substrate, bitewe n'ubwoko n'amazi bifata amazi ya substrate.Amazi yo kuhira ntagomba kuguma munsi yubutaka igihe kirekire, ariko agomba gusohoka vuba kugirango amazi yo kuhira akungahaye kuri ogisijeni ashobora kongera kugera munsi yubutaka.Umuvuduko wamazi urashobora guterwa ningamba zoroheje ugereranije, nka gradient ya substrate mubyerekezo birebire n'ubugari.Nini ya gradient, byihuse umuvuduko wamazi.Substrates zitandukanye zifite gufungura zitandukanye kandi umubare wibisohoka nabyo biratandukanye.

IHEREZO

[amakuru yatanzwe]

Xie Yuanpei.Ingaruka ziterwa na ogisijeni y’ibidukikije mu mizi y’ibihingwa byangiza ibihingwa [J].Ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi, 2022.42 (31): 21-24.