Ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi mu buhinzi bukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya "green green green green green green green green green green technology" ryasohotse i Beijing saa 17:30 ku ya 13 Mutarama 2023.

Gukurura intungamubiri nyinshi ni inzira ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'imikorere y'imitsi y'ibimera. Iyi mikorere isaba ingufu zikomoka ku guhumeka kw'uturemangingo tw'imizi, kandi gukurura amazi bigengwa n'ubushyuhe n'ubuhumekero, kandi guhumeka bisaba ko umwuka uhumeka, bityo umwuka uhumeka mu mizi ugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikurire isanzwe y'ibihingwa. Ingano ya ogisijeni yashongeshejwe mu mazi iterwa n'ubushyuhe n'umunyu, kandi imiterere y'ubutaka igena ingano y'umwuka mu mizi. Kuhira bifite itandukaniro rikomeye mu kuvugurura no kongera ingano ya ogisijeni mu mizi ifite imiterere itandukanye y'amazi. Hari ibintu byinshi bituma ogisijeni ikwirakwira mu mizi, ariko urwego rw'ingaruka za buri kintu ruratandukanye cyane. Kugumana ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi mu mizi ni yo mpamvu ituma umwuka uhumeka mu mizi ukomeza kwiyongera.

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe n'umunyu ku gipimo cyuzuye cya ogisijeni mu gisubizo

Ogisijeni yashongeshejwe mu mazi

Ogisijeni yashongeshejwe ishongeshwa muri ogisijeni idakingiye cyangwa yigenga iri mu mazi, kandi ingano ya ogisijeni yashongeshejwe iri mu mazi izagera ku bushyuhe runaka, ari bwo ingano ya ogisijeni yuzuye. Ingano ya ogisijeni yuzuye iri mu mazi ihinduka uko ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera, kandi iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ingano ya ogisijeni iragabanuka. Ingano ya ogisijeni yuzuye iri mu mazi meza iruta iyo mu mazi arimo umunyu (Ishusho ya 1), bityo ingano ya ogisijeni yuzuye mu bisubizo by'intungamubiri bifite ingano zitandukanye izaba itandukanye.

Gutwara umwuka wa ogisijeni muri matrix

Ogisijeni imizi y’ibihingwa ishobora kubona mu buryo bw’intungamubiri igomba kuba iri mu buryo bw’ubwisanzure, kandi ogisijeni ijyanwa mu butaka binyuze mu mwuka n’amazi n’amazi bikikije imizi. Iyo iri mu buryo bungana n’umubare wa ogisijeni mu kirere ku bushyuhe runaka, ogisijeni ishongeshejwe mu mazi igera ku rugero ntarengwa, kandi impinduka z’umubare wa ogisijeni mu kirere zizatuma habaho impinduka zihwanye n’umubare wa ogisijeni mu mazi.

Ingaruka zo kubura umwuka uhagije mu mizi y'ibihingwa

Impamvu zitera hypoxia y'imizi

Hari impamvu nyinshi zituma ibyago byo kubura umwuka uhagije mu miyoboro ya hydroponics no mu buhinzi bw’ubutaka biba byinshi mu mpeshyi. Mbere na mbere, umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni mu mazi uzagabanuka uko ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera. Icya kabiri, umwuka ukenewe kugira ngo imizi ikure ugenda wiyongera uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Byongeye kandi, ingano y’intungamubiri ziyongera mu mpeshyi, bityo umwuka uhagije wa ogisijeni kugira ngo intungamubiri zijyemo uba mwinshi. Bituma umwuka ugabanuka mu miyoboro y’amazi no kutagira inyongera ifatika, bigatuma imizi ibura umwuka uhagije.

Kwiyongerera no gukura

Gukurura intungamubiri nyinshi z'ingenzi biterwa n'imikorere ifitanye isano rya hafi n'imikorere y'imizi, isaba ingufu zikomoka ku guhumeka kw'uturemangingo tw'imizi, ni ukuvuga kubora kw'ibikomoka kuri photosynthesis mu gihe hari ogisijeni. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko 10% ~ 20% by'ibimera by'inyanya bikoreshwa mu mizi, 50% muri byo bikoreshwa mu kwinjiza iyoni z'intungamubiri, 40% mu gukura naho 10% gusa mu kubungabunga. Imizi igomba kubona ogisijeni mu kirere aho irekura CO2.₂Mu gihe cy’imyuka idakora neza iterwa n’umwuka mubi mu byuma bisukura amazi n’ibinyabutabire, kubura umwuka mwinshi bizagira ingaruka ku kwinjiza amazi n’intungamubiri. Kubura umwuka mwinshi bitanga igisubizo cyihuse ku kwinjiza intungamubiri, ari byo nitrate (NO).₃^-), potasiyumu (K) na fosifate (PO₄^3-), bizabangamira uburyo kalisiyumu (Ca) na manyeziyumu (Mg) byinjizwa mu mubiri.

Gukura kw'imizi y'ibimera bisaba ingufu, ibikorwa bisanzwe by'imizi bisaba umwuka wa ogisijeni uri hasi cyane, kandi umwuka wa ogisijeni uri munsi y'agaciro ka COP uba ikintu kigabanya imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'imizi (hypoxia). Iyo urwego rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi, gukura kuragabanuka cyangwa kugahagarara. Iyo igice cy'umuzi wa ogisijeni kigize ingaruka ku mashami n'amababi gusa, imizi ishobora kwishyura igice cy'imizi kitagikora kubera impamvu runaka binyuze mu kongera uburyo bwo kwinjiza amazi mu miyoboro.

Uburyo bwo gukora imikorere y’ibimera bushingiye kuri ogisijeni nk'igikoresho cyakira electron. Iyo ogisijeni idafite ogisijeni, umusaruro wa ATP uzahagarara. Iyo ATP idafite, protoni zisohoka mu mizi zizahagarara, amazi y’uturemangingo tw’imizi azahinduka aside, kandi utu turemangingo tuzapfa mu masaha make. Kubura umwuka muke by’igihe gito ntibizatera ikibazo cy’imirire kidasubirwaho mu bimera. Kubera uburyo bwo "guhumeka nitrate", bishobora kuba uburyo bwo guhangana n’ikibazo cy’umwuka muke nk'ubundi buryo mu gihe cy’ibura ry’imizi. Ariko, kubura umwuka muke by’igihe kirekire bizatuma habaho gukura gutinda, kugabanuka kw’ubuso bw’amababi no kugabanuka k’uburemere bushya kandi bwumye, ibyo bikazatuma umusaruro ugabanuka cyane.

Ethylene

Ibimera bizakuramo ethylene aho biri mu mwanya wabyo bitewe n’imbaraga nyinshi. Ubusanzwe, ethylene ikurwa mu mizi binyuze mu gukwirakwira mu kirere cy’ubutaka. Iyo amazi aguye, iremwa rya ethylene ntirizongera gusa, ahubwo rinagabanya cyane ikwirakwira ry’amazi kuko imizi ikikije amazi. Ubwiyongere bw’ubwinshi bwa ethylene buzatuma habaho iremwa ry’uturemangingo tw’umwuka mu mizi (Ishusho ya 2). Ethylene ishobora kandi gutera ubukure bw’amababi, kandi imikoranire hagati ya ethylene na auxin izongera iremwa ry’imizi ikomoka ku ruti.

Ubushobozi bwa ogisijeni butuma amababi akura nabi

ABA ikorerwa mu mizi no mu mababi kugira ngo ihangane n’ibibazo bitandukanye bifitanye isano n’ibidukikije. Mu mizi, uburyo busanzwe bwo guhangana n’ibibazo ni ugufunga kw’uturemangingo, bigatera ishingwa rya ABA. Mbere yuko stomata ifungwa, hejuru y’igihingwa hatakaza igitutu cyo kubyimba, amababi yo hejuru arashwanyagurika, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora photosynthesis nabwo bushobora kugabanuka. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko stomata isubiza ukwiyongera kw’ubwinshi bwa ABA muri apoplast binyuze mu gufunga, ni ukuvuga, ingano yose ya ABA mu mababa atari yo binyuze mu kurekura ABA mu turemangingo, ibimera bishobora kongera ubwinshi bwa apoplast ABA vuba cyane. Iyo ibimera biri mu bibazo bifitanye isano n’ibidukikije, bitangira kurekura ABA mu turemangingo, kandi ikimenyetso cyo kurekura imizi gishobora koherezwa mu minota aho kuba amasaha. Ukwiyongera kwa ABA mu turemangingo tw’amababi bishobora kugabanya uburebure bw’urukuta rw’uturemangingo no kugabanya uburebure bw’amababi. Indi ngaruka ya hypoxia ni uko igihe cy’ubuzima bw’amababi kiba gito, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku mababi yose. Hypoxia akenshi ituma habaho kugabanuka kwa cytokinin na nitrate. Kubura azote cyangwa cytokinin bizagabanya igihe cyo kubungabunga ubuso bw'amababi kandi bigahagarika gukura kw'amashami n'amababi mu minsi mike.

Gutunganya umwuka wa ogisijeni mu mizi y'ibihingwa

Ibiranga substrate ni ingenzi mu gukwirakwiza amazi na ogisijeni. Igipimo cya ogisijeni mu mizi y'imboga zihingwa ahanini gifitanye isano n'ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi bw'substrate, kuhira (ingano n'inshuro), imiterere ya substrate n'ubushyuhe bw'umurongo wa substrate. Iyo ingano ya ogisijeni mu mizi iri hejuru ya 10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) ni bwo imizi ishobora gukomeza gukora neza.

Imizi y'ibihingwa ni ingenzi cyane mu gukura kw'ibimera no kurwanya indwara z'ibimera. Amazi n'intungamubiri bizanyurwa hakurikijwe ibyo ibimera bikeneye. Ariko, urwego rwa ogisijeni mu mizi ahanini rugena uburyo intungamubiri n'amazi binyurwamo neza ndetse n'ubwiza bw'imizi. Urugero rwa ogisijeni mu mizi rushobora kwemeza ubuzima bw'imizi, bityo ibimera bikagira ubudahangarwa bwiza ku mikorobe zitera indwara (Ishusho ya 3). Urugero rwa ogisijeni ruhagije mu mizi rugabanya kandi ibyago byo kurwara indwara ziterwa n'umwuka mubi, bityo bikagabanya ibyago byo kurwara udukoko dutera indwara.

Ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni mu mizi y'ibinyabuzima

Ogisijeni ntarengwa ikoreshwa mu bihingwa ishobora kugera kuri 40mg/m2/h (ikoreshwa riterwa n'ibihingwa). Bitewe n'ubushyuhe, amazi yo kuhira ashobora kuba arimo ogisijeni igera kuri 7~8mg/L (Ishusho ya 4). Kugira ngo agere kuri 40 mg, Litiro 5 z'amazi zigomba gutangwa buri saha kugira ngo zihuze n'ikenewe rya ogisijeni, ariko mu by'ukuri, ingano yo kuhira mu munsi umwe ishobora kutagerwaho. Ibi bivuze ko ogisijeni itangwa no kuhira igira uruhare ruto gusa. Ogisijeni nyinshi igera ku gice cy'imizi inyuze mu mwenge uri mu gice cy'imizi, kandi umusanzu wa ogisijeni inyura mu mwenge ni 90%, bitewe n'igihe cy'umunsi. Iyo umwuka w'ibimera ugeze ku rugero rwo hejuru, ingano yo kuhira nayo igera ku rugero rwo hejuru, rungana na 1~1.5L/m2/h. Niba amazi yo kuhira arimo ogisijeni igera kuri 7mg/L, azatanga ogisijeni igera kuri 7~11mg/m2/h ku gice cy'imizi. Ibi bingana na 17% ~ 25% by'ikenewe. Birumvikana ko ibi bireba gusa iyo amazi yo kuhira adahumeka neza mu butaka asimbuwe n'amazi meza yo kuhira.

Uretse gukoresha imizi, udukoko two mu mizi na two dukoresha ogisijeni. Biragoye kubipima kuko nta gipimo cyakozwe muri urwo rwego. Kubera ko udukoko dushya dusimburwa buri mwaka, bishobora gufatwa ko udukoko bigira uruhare ruto mu gukoresha ogisijeni.

Ongera ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije bw'imizi

Ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije bw'imizi ni ingenzi cyane ku mikurire isanzwe n'imikorere myiza y'imizi, kandi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwinjiza amazi n'intungamubiri n'imizi.

Ubushyuhe buke cyane bwa substrate (ubushyuhe bw'imizi) bushobora gutuma amazi agorana. Kuri 5°C, uburyo amazi ashyirwamo buzaba buri hasi ya 70% ~ 80% ugereranyije na 20°C. Iyo ubushyuhe buke bwa substrate buherekejwe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bizatuma ibimera bishwanyagurika. Birumvikana ko uburyo ayoni ashyirwamo buterwa n'ubushyuhe, ibyo bigatuma ayoni ashyirwa mu bushyuhe buke, kandi uburyo intungamubiri zitandukanye zigira ku bushyuhe buratandukanye.

Ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwo mu butaka nabwo ntacyo bumaze, kandi bushobora gutuma imizi y’ibimera iba minini cyane. Mu yandi magambo, hari ikwirakwizwa ry’ibintu byumye mu bimera ritaringaniye. Kubera ko imizi y’ibimera ari myinshi cyane, igihombo kidakenewe kizaba giterwa no guhumeka, kandi iki gice cy’ingufu zatakaye cyashoboraga gukoreshwa mu gusarura igice cy’ibimera. Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushongeshejwe uba uri hasi, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mubare wa ogisijeni mu mizi kuruta umwuka wa ogisijeni ukoreshwa na mikorobe. Imiterere y’imizi ikoresha ogisijeni nyinshi, ndetse bigatera hypoxia mu gihe ubutaka cyangwa imiterere mibi y’ubutaka, bityo bikagabanya kwinjiza amazi na iyoni.

Gufata neza ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi bwa matrix.

Hari isano iri hagati y’amazi n’ijanisha ry’umuvuduko wa ogisijeni muri matrix. Iyo umuvuduko w’amazi wiyongereye, umuvuduko wa ogisijeni uragabanuka, kandi ibinyuranye n’ibyo. Hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’umuvuduko w’amazi na ogisijeni muri matrix, ni ukuvuga 80% ~ 85% by’umuvuduko w’amazi (Ishusho ya 5). Kubungabunga igihe kirekire amazi ari hejuru ya 85% muri substrate bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko wa ogisijeni. Umuvuduko munini wa ogisijeni (75% ~ 90%) unyura mu myenge iri muri matrix.

Inyongera yo kuhira ku gipimo cya ogisijeni mu butaka

Izuba ryinshi rizatuma umwuka ukoreshwa cyane kandi umwuka ukagira ogisijeni mu mizi ugabanuka (Ishusho ya 6), kandi isukari nyinshi ituma umwuka ukoreshwa cyane nijoro. Guhumeka ni byinshi, amazi arushaho kwinjiza, kandi hari umwuka mwinshi kandi umwuka ukagira ogisijeni mwinshi mu gice cy’ubutaka. Bigaragara ibumoso bw’Ishusho ya 7 ko umwuka uhagije mu gice cy’ubutaka uziyongera gato nyuma yo kuhira mu gihe ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi mu gice cy’ubutaka ari bwinshi kandi umwuka uri hasi cyane. Nk’uko bigaragara iburyo bw’Ishusho ya 7, mu gihe hari urumuri rwiza, umwuka uri mu gice cy’ubutaka uriyongera bitewe no kwinjiza amazi menshi (igihe kimwe cyo kuhira). Ingaruka zo kuhira ku bushobozi bwo gufata umwuka uhagije mu gice cy’ubutaka ni nke cyane ugereranyije n’ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi (umwuka uri mu gice cy’ubutaka).

Muganire

Mu musaruro nyawo, ingano ya ogisijeni (umwuka) mu mizi y'ibihingwa irarebwa byoroshye, ariko ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kugira ngo ibihingwa bikure neza kandi imizi ikure neza.

Kugira ngo ubone umusaruro mwinshi mu gihe cy'umusaruro w'ibihingwa, ni ngombwa cyane kurinda ibidukikije by'imizi mu buryo bwiza uko bishoboka kose. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko O₂ibikubiye mu mizi biri munsi ya 4mg/L bizagira ingaruka mbi ku mikurire y'ibihingwa.₂Ibikubiye mu mizi ahanini bigira ingaruka ku kuhira (ingano yo kuhira n'inshuro bikoreshwa), imiterere y'ubutaka, ingano y'amazi, ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe n'ubutaka, kandi imiterere itandukanye yo gutera izaba itandukanye. Algae na mikorobe bifite isano runaka n'umubare wa ogisijeni mu mizi y'ibihingwa bya hydroponic. Hypoxia ntitera gusa iterambere ritinze ry'ibimera, ahubwo inakongera igitutu cy'udukoko two mu mizi (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) ku mikurire y'imizi.

Ingamba zo kuhira zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku gihingwa cya O₂ibikubiye mu butaka, kandi ni uburyo bworoshye kugenzura mu gutera. Ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwo gutera indabyo z'indabyo bwagaragaje ko kongera buhoro buhoro amazi mu butaka (mu gitondo) bishobora gutuma umwuka mwiza uboneka. Mu butaka bufite ubushobozi buke bwo gufata amazi, ubutaka bushobora kugumana umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni, kandi icyarimwe, ni ngombwa kwirinda itandukaniro ry'amazi hagati y'ubutaka binyuze mu kuhira inshuro nyinshi no mu gihe gito. Uko ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi bw'ubutaka bugabanuka, ni ko itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubutaka butose, inshuro nke zo kuhira no mu gihe kirekire bitanga umwuka mwinshi kandi umwuka mwiza wa ogisijeni uboneka.

Gusohora amazi mu gice cy’amazi ni ikindi kintu gifite ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cyo kuvugururwa no kwiyongera k’umwuka wa ogisijeni mu gice cy’amazi, bitewe n’ubwoko n’ubushobozi bw’amazi mu gice cy’amazi. Amazi yo kuhira ntagomba kuguma hasi mu gice cy’amazi igihe kirekire, ahubwo agomba gusohoka vuba kugira ngo amazi meza yo kuhira agere hasi mu gice cy’amazi. Umuvuduko w’amazi ushobora guterwa n’ibipimo bimwe na bimwe byoroshye, nko kuzamuka k’igice cy’amazi mu cyerekezo kirekire n’ubugari. Uko kuzamuka k’amazi kuba kunini, ni ko umuvuduko w’amazi wihuta. Igice cy’amazi gitandukanye gifite imyenge itandukanye kandi umubare w’aho amazi asohokera nawo uratandukanye.

IHEREZO

[amakuru ajyanye n'incamake]

Xie Yuanpei. Ingaruka z'umwuka wa ogisijeni mu bidukikije mu mizi y'ibihingwa bikoresha ikoranabuhanga ku mikurire y'ibihingwa [J]. Ikoranabuhanga mu by'Ubuhinzi, 2022,42 (31):21-24.