Ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi bw'imboga n'imbuto mu bidukikijeYasohotse saa 17:30 ku ya 14 Ukwakira 2022 i Beijing

Kubera ko umubare w'abaturage ku isi ukomeje kwiyongera, ubushake bw'abantu ku biribwa buriyongera umunsi ku wundi, kandi hashyirwaho ibisabwa byinshi ku mirire n'umutekano w'ibiribwa. Guhinga ibihingwa bitanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi byiza ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukemura ibibazo by'ibiribwa. Ariko, uburyo gakondo bwo korora bifata igihe kirekire kugira ngo hahingwe ubwoko bwiza, ibyo bikaba bigabanya iterambere ry'ubworozi. Ku bihingwa byimura ubwabyo buri mwaka, bishobora gufata imyaka 10-15 kuva aho byatangiriye kugeza ku ikorwa ry'ubwoko bushya. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo twihutishe iterambere ry'ubworozi bw'ibihingwa, ni ngombwa kunoza imikorere y'ubworozi no kugabanya igihe cyo kubyara.

Kororoka vuba bivuze kororoka neza ibimera, kwihutisha indabyo no kwera imbuto, no kugabanya igihe cyo kororoka binyuze mu kugenzura ibidukikije mu cyumba gifunze neza cyo gukuramo ibidukikije. Uruganda rw'ibimera ni uburyo bw'ubuhinzi bushobora kugera ku musaruro mwiza w'ibihingwa binyuze mu kugenzura ibidukikije neza mu nyubako, kandi ni ahantu heza ho kororoka vuba. Imiterere y'ibidukikije nk'urumuri, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe n'ubwinshi bwa CO2 mu ruganda iragenzurwa, kandi ntigira ingaruka cyane ku miterere y'ikirere cyo hanze. Mu miterere y'ibidukikije igenzurwa, ubushyuhe bwiza bw'urumuri, igihe cy'urumuri n'ubushyuhe bishobora kwihutisha imikorere itandukanye y'ibinyabuzima by'ibimera, cyane cyane fotositeyine no kurabya indabyo, bityo bikagabanya igihe cyo gukura kw'ibihingwa. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'uruganda rw'ibimera mu kugenzura imikurire n'iterambere ry'ibihingwa, gusarura imbuto mbere y'igihe, igihe cyose imbuto nke zifite ubushobozi bwo kumera zishobora guhaza ibyo zikeneye mu kororoka.

Photoperiod, ikintu nyamukuru gihungabanya ibidukikije bigira ingaruka ku mikurire y'ibihingwa

Uruziga rw'urumuri rusobanura ihindagurika ry'igihe cy'urumuri n'igihe cy'umwijima ku munsi. Uruziga rw'urumuri ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku mikurire, iterambere, indabyo n'imbuto z'ibihingwa. Mu kumva impinduka mu ruziga rw'urumuri, ibihingwa bishobora guhinduka kuva ku gukura kw'ibimera kugera ku gukura kw'ibimera no kurabya no kwera imbuto burundu. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibihingwa n'ubwoko bw'uturemangingo bigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku miterere y'impinduka z'igihe cy'izuba. Ibimera bimara izuba rirenze igihe cy'izuba rinini, igihe cyo kurabya kirushaho kwihutishwa no kongera igihe cy'izuba, nk'ingano, ingano na sayiri. Ibimera bidafite aho bihuriye n'igihe cy'izuba, hatitawe ku gihe cy'izuba, birara, nk'umuceri, ibigori na concombre. Ibimera bimara umunsi mugufi, nk'ipamba, soya na mallet, bikenera igihe cy'izuba kiri munsi y'igihe cy'izuba rinini kugira ngo birare. Mu gihe cy'ikirere cy'ubukorikori cy'urumuri rw'amasaha 8 n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa 30℃, igihe cyo kurabya amaranth kiba iminsi irenga 40 mbere y'igihe cyo mu murima. Binyuze mu kuvura urumuri rw'amasaha 16/8 (urwuzure/umwijima), ubwoko bwose bw'ibimera birindwi bya sayiri bwarabyaye kare: Franklin (iminsi 36), Gairdner (iminsi 35), Gimmett (iminsi 33), Komanda (iminsi 30), Fleet (iminsi 29), Baudin (iminsi 26) na Lockyer (iminsi 25).

Mu gihe cy’ibidukikije by’ubukorano, igihe cyo gukura kw’ingano gishobora kugabanywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutubura imbuto kugira ngo haboneke ingemwe, hanyuma zikajugunywa mu masaha 16, kandi ibisekuru 8 bishobora kubyazwa buri mwaka. Igihe cyo gukura kw’amashaza cyagabanijwe kuva ku minsi 143 mu murima kugeza ku minsi 67 mu busitani bw’ubukorano bufite urumuri rw’amasaha 16. Mu kongera igihe cyo gukura kugeza ku masaha 20 no kubishyira hamwe na 21°C/16°C (umunsi/ijoro), igihe cyo gukura kw’amashaza gishobora kugabanywa kugeza ku minsi 68, kandi igipimo cyo gushyiraho imbuto ni 97.8%. Mu gihe cy’ibidukikije bigenzurwa, nyuma y’amasaha 20 yo kuvurwa n’igihe cyo gukura, bifata iminsi 32 kuva ku gutera kugeza ku kurabya, kandi igihe cyose cyo gukura ni iminsi 62-71, ari na cyo gihe gito ugereranyije n’igihe cyo mu murima ho iminsi irenga 30. Mu gihe cy’ubusitani bw’ubukorano bufite igihe cyo gukura cy’amasaha 22, igihe cyo kurabya kw’ingano, sayiri, rape na chickpea kigabanywaho iminsi 22, 64, 73 na 33, uko bikurikirana. Iyo imbuto zihinzwe mbere y’isarurwa, igipimo cyo kumera kw’imbuto zihinzwe mbere gishobora kugera kuri 92%, 98%, 89% na 94%, ibi bikaba bishobora guhaza ibyo zikeneye mu kororoka. Ubwoko bwihuse bushobora gutanga ibihe 6 (ingano) n’ibisekuru 7 (ingano). Mu gihe cy’amasaha 22 yo kurabya, igihe cyo kurabya kw’ingano cyagabanijweho iminsi 11, kandi iminsi 21 nyuma yo kurabya, nibura imbuto 5 zishobora kubaho zashoboraga kwemezwa, kandi ibisekuru bitanu bishobora gukwirakwira buri mwaka. Mu busitani bw’ubukorano bufite urumuri rw’amasaha 22, igihe cyo gukura kw’ibishyimbo kigabanuka kikagera ku minsi 115, kandi zishobora kororoka mu bisekuru 3-4 mu mwaka. Mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 yo kumurikirwa mu busitani bw’ubukorano, uruziga rwo gukura rw’ibishyimbo rugabanuka kuva ku minsi 145 kugera ku minsi 89, kandi rushobora gukwirakwira mu bisekuru 4 mu mwaka umwe.

Ubwiza bw'urumuri

Umucyo ugira uruhare runini mu mikurire n'imikurire y'ibimera. Umucyo ushobora kugenzura indabyo ukagira ingaruka ku byuma byinshi bipima urumuri. Igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura (R) n'urumuri rw'ubururu (B) ni ingenzi cyane ku kurabya kw'ibihingwa. Ubunini bw'urumuri rutukura bwa 600 ~ 700nm bukubiyemo uburebure bwa chlorophyll bwa 660nm, bushobora guteza imbere fotositeyine. Ubunini bw'urumuri rw'ubururu bwa 400 ~ 500nm buzagira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'ibimera, gufungura mu nda no gukura kw'ibimera. Mu ngano, igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'urumuri rw'ubururu ni hafi 1, bishobora gutuma indabyo zitangira vuba. Mu rwego rw'ubwiza bw'urumuri rwa R:B = 4:1, igihe cyo gukura cy'ubwoko bwa soya buri hagati n'ubutinze cyagabanutse kiva ku minsi 120 kigera ku minsi 63, kandi uburebure bw'ibimera n'ibinyampeke by'intungamubiri byaragabanutse, ariko umusaruro w'imbuto ntabwo wahungabanyijwe, byashoboraga guhaza nibura imbuto imwe kuri buri kimera, kandi impuzandengo yo kumera kw'imbuto zitarakura yari 81.7%. Kubera ko ibimera bya soya byamuritswe amasaha 10 n'urumuri rw'ubururu, byagize ingaruka ngufi kandi bikomeye, bikura nyuma y'iminsi 23 nyuma yo kubiba, bikura mu minsi 77, kandi bishobora kororoka mu bisekuru 5 mu mwaka umwe.

Igipimo cy'urumuri rutukura n'urumuri rutukura cyane (FR) nacyo kigira ingaruka ku kurabya kw'ibimera. Amabara y'urumuri aboneka mu buryo bubiri: gukuraho urumuri rutukura cyane (Pfr) no gukuraho urumuri rutukura (Pr). Ku gipimo gito cya R:FR, amabara y'urumuri ahinduka kuva kuri Pfr akajya kuri Pr, bigatuma ibimera bimara umunsi muremure birara. Gukoresha amatara ya LED kugira ngo ugenzure R:FR ikwiye (0.66 ~ 1.07) bishobora kongera uburebure bw'ibimera, bigatera imbere kurabya kw'ibimera bimara umunsi muremure (nka morning glory na snapdragon), no kubuza kurabya kw'ibimera bimara umunsi muremure (nka marigold). Iyo R:FR irenze 3.1, igihe cyo kurabya kw'ibishyimbo kiratinda. Kugabanya R:FR kugeza kuri 1.9 bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku kurabya, kandi bishobora kurabya ku munsi wa 31 nyuma yo gutera. Ingaruka z'urumuri rutukura ku kubuza kurabya ziterwa na Pr. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko iyo R:FR iri hejuru ya 3.5, igihe cyo kurabya kw'ibimera bitanu by'ibinyamisogwe (amashaza, amashaza, ibishyimbo bigari, lentil na lupine) kizatinda. Mu bwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'amaranth n'umuceri, urumuri rutukura cyane rukoreshwa kugira ngo indabyo zitere iminsi 10 n'iminsi 20.

CO y'ifumbire₂

CO₂ni isoko nyamukuru ya karuboni itera fotosinthesi. CO2 nyinshi₂ubusanzwe bishobora guteza imbere gukura no kororoka kw'ibimera bya C3 by'umwaka, mu gihe CO2 nkeya₂bishobora kugabanya umusaruro w'ikura n'uwo kororoka bitewe n'igabanuka rya karuboni. Urugero, ubushobozi bwo gukora fotosyine bw'ibimera bya C3, nk'umuceri n'ingano, buriyongera uko CO2 yiyongera₂rwego, bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kw'ibimera n'indabyo kare. Kugira ngo haboneke ingaruka nziza za CO2₂kwiyongera kw'ibipimo, bishobora kuba ngombwa kugira ngo amazi n'intungamubiri birusheho kuboneka neza. Bityo, mu gihe nta shoramari ritagira imipaka, hydroponics ishobora kurekura burundu ubushobozi bw'ibimera bwo gukura. CO2 nkeya₂kwiyongera kwatinze igihe cyo kurabya kwa Arabidopsis thaliana, mu gihe CO2 nyinshi₂Kwiyongera kw'umuceri byihutishije igihe cyo kurabya indabyo, bigabanya igihe cyo gukura cy'umuceri kigera ku mezi 3, kandi bikwirakwiza ibisekuru bine mu mwaka. Binyujijwe mu kongeramo CO2₂kugeza kuri 785.7μmol/mol mu gasanduku k’ihinga ry’ubukorano, ukwezi k’ubworozi bw’ubwoko bwa soya 'Enrei' kwagabanijwe kugera ku minsi 70, kandi byashoboraga kororoka ibisekuru 5 mu mwaka umwe. Ubwo CO₂Ubunini bwariyongereye bugera kuri 550μmol/mol, indabyo za Cajanus cajan zatinze iminsi 8 ~ 9, kandi igihe cyo gutera imbuto n'igihe cyo kuzikura nabyo byatinze iminsi 9. Cajanus cajan yakusanyije isukari idashonga ku gipimo cya CO2 kiri hejuru.₂ubwinshi bw'ibimera, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ihererekanya ry'ibimenyetso by'ibimera no gutinda kurabya. Byongeye kandi, mu cyumba cyo gukuramo hamwe na CO2 yiyongera₂, umubare n'ubwiza bw'indabo za soya biriyongera, ibyo bikaba byiza mu guhuza imbuto, kandi igipimo cyo guhuza imbuto za soya kiri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'iza soya zihingwa mu murima.

Ibyiza by'ejo hazaza

Ubuhinzi bwa none bushobora kwihutisha ubworozi bw'ibihingwa binyuze mu bundi buryo bwo korora no korora mu bigo. Ariko, hari inenge zimwe na zimwe muri ubu buryo, nko gukenera cyane imiterere y'ubutaka, imicungire y'abakozi ihenze n'imiterere karemano idahamye, idashobora kwemeza ko imbuto ziboneka neza. Korora mu bigo bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'ikirere, kandi igihe cyo kongeramo imbuto ni gito. Ariko, korora mu buryo bwa molekile byihutisha gusa guhitamo no kumenya imiterere y'ubworozi. Kuri ubu, ikoranabuhanga ryo korora ryihuse ryakoreshejwe kuri Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae n'ibindi bihingwa. Ariko, korora mu buryo bwa molekile byihuse bikuraho burundu ingaruka z'ikirere, kandi bishobora kugenzura ibidukikije bikura hakurikijwe ibyo ibimera bikeneye mu mikurire no mu iterambere. Guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryo korora ryihuse mu ruganda rw'ibimera n'uburyo gakondo bwo korora, korora mu buryo bwa molekile n'ubundi buryo bwo korora neza, mu gihe cyo korora vuba, igihe gisabwa kugira ngo haboneke imirongo ingana nyuma yo kuvanga gishobora kugabanuka, kandi icyarimwe, ibisekuru bya mbere bishobora gutoranywa kugira ngo bigabanye igihe gisabwa kugira ngo haboneke imiterere myiza n'ibisekuru byo korora.

Imbogamizi nyamukuru y'ikoranabuhanga ryihuse ryo kororoka kw'ibimera mu nganda ni uko imiterere y'ibidukikije isabwa kugira ngo ibihingwa bitandukanye bikure kandi bikure itandukanye cyane, kandi bifata igihe kirekire kugira ngo haboneke imiterere y'ibidukikije kugira ngo hororwe vuba ibihingwa byifuzwa. Muri icyo gihe, kubera ikiguzi kinini cyo kubaka no gukoresha uruganda, biragoye gukora igerageza rinini ryo kororoka, akenshi rituma umusaruro w'imbuto uba muke, bishobora kugabanya isuzuma ry'imiterere y'ibihingwa. Hamwe no kunoza no kunoza ibikoresho n'ikoranabuhanga by'uruganda, ikiguzi cyo kubaka no gukoresha uruganda rw'uruganda kiragabanuka buhoro buhoro. Birashoboka kunoza ikoranabuhanga ryihuse ryo kororoka no kugabanya ukwezi k'ubworozi binyuze mu guhuza neza ikoranabuhanga ryihuse ryo kororoka kw'uruganda rw'uruganda n'ubundi buryo bwo kororoka.

IHEREZO

Amakuru yavuzwe

Liu Kaizhe, Liu Houcheng. Ubushakashatsi ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo kororoka ryihuse mu ruganda rw’ibimera [J]. Ikoranabuhanga mu by’Ubwubatsi mu Buhinzi, 2022,42 (22):46-49.