Ikoranabuhanga ry'ubuhinzi bw'imboga rya Zhang Zhiping ryambere 2022-08-26 17:20 Byashyizwe i Beijing

Ubushinwa bwashyizeho gahunda yo gukumira no kurwanya ibidukikije no kudakura kw'imiti yica udukoko, kandi ikoranabuhanga rishya rikoresha udukoko duto mu kurwanya udukoko two mu buhinzi ryatejwe imbere cyane kandi rishyirwa mu bikorwa.

Amahame y'ikoranabuhanga ryo kurwanya udukoko twinshi mu buryo bwa spectral

Kugenzura udukoko hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa spectroscope bishingiye ku miterere y’umubiri w’udukoko. Udukoko twinshi dufite uburebure bw’umurambararo busanzwe, igice kimwe kiba kiri mu gice cy’urumuri rutagaragara rwa UVA, ikindi gice kikaba kiri mu gice cy’urumuri rugaragara. Mu gice kitagaragara, kubera ko kiri hanze y’urumuri rugaragara na fotosite, bivuze ko ubushakashatsi muri iki gice cy’urumuri nta ngaruka buzagira ku murimo no kuri fotosite y’ibimera. Abashakashatsi basanze mu guhagarika iki gice cy’urumuri, bishobora guteza udukoko ahantu hatagaragara, kugabanya imikorere yabyo, kurinda imyaka udukoko no kugabanya ikwirakwira rya virusi. Muri iki gice cy’urumuri rugaragara, birashoboka gukomeza iki gice cy’urumuri kiri mu gace kari kure y’ibihingwa kugira ngo bivange icyerekezo cy’imikorere y’udukoko kugira ngo birinde imyaka kwandura.

Udukoko dukunze kugaragara muri icyo kigo

Udukoko dukunze kugaragara mu gutera harimo udukoko twa thrips, aphids, whiteflies, na leafminers, nibindi.

indwara ya thrips

indwara y'inkoko

kwandura kw'udusimba tw'umweru

kwandura kw'ibimera by'amababi

Ibisubizo byo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara mu nyubako

Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko udukoko twavuzwe haruguru dufite imico isanzwe yo kubaho. Ibikorwa, kuguruka no gushaka ibyo kurya by’utwo dukoko bishingiye ku kuntu dukoresha spectral mu gice runaka, nk’udusimba n’udusimba tw’umweru mu rumuri rwa ultraviolet (uburebure bw’urumuri rwa ultraviolet bugera kuri nm 360) n’urumuri rw’icyatsi kibisi kugeza ku muhondo (520 ~ 540 nm) bifite ingingo zakira. Kwivanga n’utwo dusimba byombi bibangamira imikorere y’utwo dusimba kandi bigabanya umuvuduko wo kororoka kwatwo. Utwo dusimba dufite kandi ubushobozi bwo kumva urumuri rugaragara mu gice cy’urumuri rwa 400-500 nm.

Umucyo udafite ibara ry'igice ushobora gutuma udukoko tugwa ku butaka, bityo bigatera imiterere myiza yo gukurura no gufata udukoko. Byongeye kandi, urwego rwo hejuru rw'imirasire y'izuba (irenga 25% by'imirasire y'urumuri) rushobora kandi kubuza udukoko gufata imiterere y'urumuri. Nk'ubukana, uburebure bw'umurambararo n'itandukaniro ry'amabara, nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku rugero rw'ubwitabire bw'udukoko. Udukoko tumwe na tumwe dufite imiterere ibiri igaragara, ari yo UV n'urumuri rw'umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi, kandi tumwe dufite imiterere itatu igaragara, ari yo UV, urumuri rw'ubururu n'urumuri rw'umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi.

imigozi y'urumuri igaragara y'udukoko dusanzwe

Byongeye kandi, udukoko twangiza dushobora guhungabana bitewe n’uko udukoko twinshi tuba dufite imiterere mibi. Mu kwiga uburyo udukoko tubaho, hari ibisubizo bibiri byo kurwanya udukoko bishobora gukoreshwa. Kimwe ni uguhindura ibidukikije by’ubushyuhe mu buryo bushobora kubangamira imiterere ya spectral, kugira ngo imiterere y’udukoko turi mu bushyuhe, nk’urumuri rwa ultraviolet, igabanuke ikagera ku rwego rwo hasi cyane, kugira ngo udukoko turi muri uru ruhererekane tuvemo "ubuhumyi"; icya kabiri, ku gihe kidashobora gukumirwa, urumuri rw’amabara rw’izindi receptor mu bushyuhe rushobore kwiyongera, bityo bigahungabanya icyerekezo cy’uko udukoko tuguruka n’aho tugwa.

Uburyo bwo gufunga UV

Uburyo bwo gukumira imirasire ya UV ni ugushyiramo ibintu bikingira imirasire ya UV ku ruhu rw’ubushyuhe n’urushundura rw’udukoko, kugira ngo bizibire neza imirongo y’uburebure bw’umuraba ishobora kwangirika ku dukoko turi mu mucyo winjira mu ruhu rw’ubushyuhe. Bityo bikabuza imikorere y’udukoko, bikagabanya kororoka kw’udukoko no kugabanya ikwirakwira ry’udukoko n’indwara mu bihingwa biri mu ruhu rw’ubushyuhe.

Urushundura rw'udukoko rwa Spectrum

Urushundura rufite ubunini bwa mesh 50 (ubucucike bwinshi bw'udukoko) ntirushobora guhagarika udukoko bitewe gusa n'ingano y'urushundura. Ahubwo, urushundura ruragutse kandi umwuka uhumeka neza, ariko udukoko ntidushobora kugenzurwa.

ingaruka zo kurinda udukoko twinshi cyane

Inzitiramibu zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Spectral zirinda imigozi y’urumuri rw’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Spectral, zongeramo inyongeramusaruro ku migozi irwanya ultraviolet ku bikoresho fatizo. Kubera ko bidashingiye gusa ku bucucike bw’imigozi mu kurwanya udukoko, birashoboka kandi gukoresha umugozi muto wo kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo ubone ingaruka nziza zo kurwanya udukoko. Ni ukuvuga ko, mu gihe utanga umwuka mwiza, unatuma habaho kurwanya udukoko neza. Kubwibyo, kuvuguruzanya hagati y’umwuka no kurwanya udukoko mu nganda nabyo birakemuka, kandi ibisabwa byombi mu mikorere birashobora kubahirizwa kandi uburinganire bumaze kugerwaho..

Ukurikije uko agace k’urukiramende gashyirwa munsi y’urushundura rwa 50-mesh spectral rugenzura udukoko, bigaragara ko agace k’urumuri rwa UV (agace k’urumuri rw’udukoko) gafata cyane, kandi ko aka gace kari munsi ya 10%. Mu gice cy’amadirishya y’ubushyuhe ahumekamo ibintu bifite bene utwo dushundura, kureba udukoko hafi ya kose ntabwo bibonwa muri aka gace.

ikarita igaragaza umugozi w'urushundura rw'inkoko rwa spectral (50 mesh)

inzitiramibu zifite imiterere itandukanye

Kugira ngo harebwe imikorere y’urushundura rurwanya udukoko, abashakashatsi bakoze ibizamini bikenewe, ni ukuvuga mu busitani bw’inyanya, hatoranijwe urushundura rusanzwe rurwanya udukoko rufite mesh 50, urushundura rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh 50, urushundura rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh 40, n’urushundura rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh 40. Hakoreshejwe urushundura rufite imikorere itandukanye n’ubucucike butandukanye bw’urushundura kugira ngo hagereranywe igipimo cyo kubaho kw’udukoko tw’umweru n’udukoko tw’inyenzi. Muri buri barura, umubare w’udukoko tw’umweru munsi y’urushundura rurwanya udukoko rufite mesh 50 wari muto, naho umubare w’udukoko tw’umweru munsi y’urushundura rusanzwe rufite mesh 40 wari munini. Bigaragara neza ko munsi y’umubare umwe w’udukoko rudakingira udukoko, umubare w’udukoko tw’umweru munsi y’urushundura rudakingira udukoko uri munsi y’urushundura rusanzwe. Munsi y'umubare umwe w'udusimba, umubare w'udusimba turi munsi y'urushundura rudakingira udukoko ni muto ugereranije n'umubare w'udusimba turi munsi y'urushundura rusanzwe rudakingira udukoko, ndetse n'umubare w'udusimba turi munsi y'urushundura rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh 40 ni muto ugereranije n'umubare w'udusimba turi munsi y'urushundura rusanzwe rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh 50. Muri rusange, urushundura rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh nyinshi rushobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku dusimba kurusha urushundura rusanzwe rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh nyinshi mu gihe rutanga umwuka mwiza.

ingaruka zo kurinda udukoko dutandukanye tw’urushundura hamwe n’udukoko dusanzwe twirinda udukoko

Muri icyo gihe, abashakashatsi bakoze kandi irindi gerageza, ni ukuvuga gukoresha inzitiramibu zisanzwe zifite mesh 50, inzitiramibu zisanzwe zifite mesh 50, n'inzitiramibu zisanzwe zifite mesh 68 kugira ngo bagereranye umubare w'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa thrips mu busitani bwo guhinga inyanya. Nk'uko ishusho ya 10 yabigaragaje, inzitiramibu imwe isanzwe, mesh 68, kubera ubucucike bwayo bwinshi, ingaruka z'inzitiramibu zisanzwe zifite mesh 50 ziruta cyane inzitiramibu zisanzwe zifite mesh 50. Ariko inzitiramibu imwe ifite mesh 50 idafite mesh low-mesh ifite thrips nke ugereranyije n'inzitiramibu zisanzwe zifite mesh 68.

kugereranya umubare w'udukoko tw'inkoko turi munsi y'inshundura zitandukanye

Byongeye kandi, ubwo bageragezaga urushundura rusanzwe rufite mesh 50 rudakingira udukoko n'urushundura rudakingira udukoko rufite mesh 40 rufite imikorere ibiri itandukanye n'ubucucike butandukanye bw'urushundura, ubwo bagereranyaga umubare w'udusimba kuri buri kibaho gifata mu gace gakorerwamo ibitunguru, abashakashatsi basanze nubwo hari mesh nke, umubare w'udusimba dufite spectral ufite ingaruka nziza cyane zo kwirinda udukoko kurusha urw'udusimba rusanzwe rufite mesh nyinshi.

kugereranya umubare w'udukoko tw'inkoko mu mikorere y'inshundura zitandukanye

kugereranya koko ingaruka z'urushundura rumwe mu buryo burwanya udukoko n'imikorere itandukanye

 Firime yo kwirukana udukoko ikoresheje spectral

Agakoresho gasanzwe gatwikira ibidukikije kazafata igice cy'urumuri rwa UV, ari na yo mpamvu nyamukuru yo kwihutisha gusaza kwa firime. Inyongera zihagarika udukoko twa UVA twongerwa kuri firime itwikira ibidukikije binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe, kandi mu rwego rwo kwemeza ko ubuzima busanzwe bwa firime butagize ingaruka, ikorwamo firime ifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda udukoko.

Ingaruka za filimi ifunga UV na filimi isanzwe ku dukoko tw'umweru, udukoko twa thrips, n'udusimba tw'inyenzi

Uko igihe cyo gutera kigenda cyiyongera, bigaragara ko umubare w’udukoko turi munsi y’urupapuro rusanzwe wiyongera cyane ugereranije n’uwari munsi y’urupapuro rufunga imirasire ya UV. Byakagombye kugaragazwa ko ikoreshwa ry’ubu bwoko bw’urupapuro risaba abahinzi kwita cyane ku buryo bw’umwihariko ku buryo bwo kwinjira no gusohoka n’aho guhumeka binjirira mu nzu ikorerwamo buri munsi, bitabaye ibyo ingaruka z’urupapuro zizagabanuka. Bitewe no kugenzura neza udukoko hakoreshejwe urupapuro rufunga imirasire ya UV, ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko n’abahinzi riragabanuka. Mu gutera eustoma mu kigo, hamwe n’urupapuro rufunga imirasire ya UV, byaba umubare w’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa leafminers, thrips, whiteflies cyangwa ingano y’imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa, ni nkeya ugereranyije n’urupapuro rusanzwe.

Kugereranya ingaruka za firime ifunga UV na firime isanzwe

kugereranya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko mu mazu mato hakoreshejwe agakoresho gakingira imirasire y'izuba n'agakoresho gasanzwe

Uburyo bwo gufunga/gufata amabara y'urumuri

Ibara rito ni ukwirinda ibice by'umubiri bireba udukoko ku mabara atandukanye. Gukoresha uburyo udukoko dushobora kubona udukoko ku buryo runaka bugaragara kugira ngo bivange icyerekezo cy'udukoko, bityo bigabanya ingaruka mbi z'udukoko ku bihingwa no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko.

Kwivanga kw'ishusho

Mu musaruro, uruhande rw'umuhondo rw'agace k'umuhondo karimo umuhondo rureba hejuru, kandi udukoko nka aphids na whiteflies tugwa kuri ako gace ku bwinshi bitewe na phototaxis. Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bwa ako gace buba buri hejuru cyane mu mpeshyi, ku buryo udukoko twinshi dufata ku buso bwa ako gace twicwa, bityo bikagabanya kwangirika guterwa n'udukoko nk'utwo dufata ku bihingwa. Agace k'umuhondo ka Silver-gray gakoresha tropism mbi ya aphids, thrips, n'ibindi kugira ngo irangi ribe irangi. Gupfuka greenhouse ya concombre na strawberry hakoreshejwe agace k'umuhondo ka Silver-gray bishobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi za bene utwo dukoko.

hakoreshejwe ubwoko butandukanye bwa filime

ingaruka zifatika z'urushundura rw'umuhondo mu ishyamba rikorerwamo inyanya

Uburyo bwo kugarura urumuri rw'urushundura rw'ibara ry'izuba

Gupfuka imiyoboro y'izuba y'amabara atandukanye hejuru y'ubusitani bishobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bihingwa hakoreshejwe imiterere y'urumuri rw'udukoko. Umubare w'udusimba tw'umweru twagumye mu muyoboro w'umuhondo wari munini cyane ugereranije n'uwo mu muyoboro utukura, umuyoboro w'ubururu n'umukara. Umubare w'udusimba tw'umweru twagumye mu muyoboro w'izuba twatwikiriwe n'umuhondo wari muto cyane ugereranyije n'uwo mu muyoboro w'umukara n'umukara.

isesengura ry'imiterere yo kurwanya udukoko hakoreshejwe imiyoboro y'urumuri rw'izuba ifite amabara atandukanye

Uburyo bwo kugarura urumuri rw'urushundura rw'izuba rugaragara ku rupapuro rwa aluminiyumu

Urushundura rugaragaza imiterere y'urushundura rwa aluminiyumu rushyirwa ku ruhande rw'ubuso bw'ubutaka, kandi umubare w'udusimba tw'umweru uragabanuka cyane. Ugereranyije n'urushundura rusanzwe rudaterwa n'udukoko, umubare w'udusimba twa thrips wagabanutse uva kuri 17.1 ku mitwe/m²kugeza kuri 4.0 imitwe / m².

ikoreshwa ry'urushundura rugaragaza urumuri rw'urupapuro rwa aluminium

Urubaho rufatana

Mu gukora, utubaho tw'umuhondo dukoreshwa mu gufata no kwica udukoko tw'inkoko n'udusimba tw'umweru. Byongeye kandi, udukoko tw'inkoko twita ku bururu kandi dufite tagisi zikomeye z'ubururu. Mu gukora, utubaho tw'ubururu dushobora gukoreshwa mu gufata no kwica udukoko tw'inkoko, n'ibindi, hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cy'udukoko tw'inkoko mu miterere yatwo. Muri two, agace k'umuhondo gafite ibara ry'udukoko cyangwa ishusho karushaho gukurura udukoko..

kaseti ifatana irimo bullseye cyangwa icyitegererezo

Amakuru yerekeye incamake

Zhang Zhiping. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kurwanya udukoko twa Spectral mu kigo [J]. Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ubwubatsi mu buhinzi, 42 (19): 17-22.