Chen Tongqiang, n'ibindi. Ikoranabuhanga mu by'ubuhinzi mu buhinzi bw'ibimera byashyizwe ahagaragara i Beijing saa 17:30 ku ya 6 Mutarama 2023.

Kugenzura neza rhizosphere EC na pH ni ibintu bikenewe kugira ngo inyanya zigere ku musaruro mwinshi mu buryo bwo guhinga budafite ubutaka mu gikoni gikoresha indorerwamo. Muri iyi ngingo, inyanya zafashwe nk'ikintu cyo gutera, kandi ingano ya rhizosphere EC na pH ikwiye mu byiciro bitandukanye yasobanuwe, ndetse n'ingamba za tekiniki zijyanye no kugenzura iyo habayeho ikibazo, kugira ngo habeho icyitegererezo cy'umusaruro nyawo w'ibihingwa mu gikoni gisanzwe cy'ibirahuri.

Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, ubuso bwo guteramo ibiti by’ibirahuri bifite imiterere myinshi mu Bushinwa bwageze kuri 630hm2, kandi buracyari kwaguka. Ikigo cy’ibirahuri gihuza ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bitandukanye, bigatuma habaho ahantu hakwiriye ho gukura ibimera. Kugenzura ibidukikije neza, kuhira amazi n’ifumbire neza, ubuhinzi bukwiye no kurinda ibimera ni ibintu bine by’ingenzi kugira ngo inyanya zigere ku musaruro mwiza kandi zigire ireme ryiza. Ku bijyanye no kuhira neza, intego yabyo ni ugukomeza imiterere ikwiye ya rhizosphere EC, pH, amazi y’ubutaka n’ubwinshi bwa rizosphere rhizosphere. imiterere myiza ya rhizosphere EC na pH byuzuza iterambere ry’imizi no kwinjiza amazi n’ifumbire, ari nabyo bisabwa kugira ngo ibimera bikomeze gukura, fotositeyine, transimyotation n’izindi myitwarire ya metabolisme. Kubwibyo, kubungabunga ibidukikije byiza bya rizosphere ni ikintu cy’ingenzi kugira ngo umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugere ku musaruro mwinshi.

Kudakurikiza amabwiriza ya EC na pH muri rhizosphere bizagira ingaruka zidasubirwaho ku buringanire bw'amazi, iterambere ry'imizi, ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza imizi n'ifumbire - kubura intungamubiri z'ibimera, gukusanya imyumbati - kubura ifumbire - kubura intungamubiri z'ibimera n'ibindi. Gutera inyanya no kuzibyaza umusaruro mu kirahuri bikoresha ubuhinzi butagira ubutaka. Nyuma y'uko amazi n'ifumbire bivanze, amazi n'ifumbire bitangwa mu buryo bw'imyambi igwa. EC, pH, inshuro, formula, ingano y'amazi agaruka n'igihe cyo kuhira bizagira ingaruka ku kirahuri EC na pH. Muri iyi ngingo, rhizosphere EC na pH bikwiye muri buri cyiciro cyo gutera inyanya byarasobanuwe, kandi impamvu za rhizosphere EC na pH zitameze neza zarasesenguwe kandi ingamba zo kubikemura zarasobanuwe, byatanze ishingiro n'icyitegererezo cya tekiniki ku musaruro nyawo w'inzu zisanzwe z'ibirahuri.

Ingano ya rhizosphere EC na pH ikwiye mu byiciro bitandukanye by'inyanya

Rhizosphere EC igaragara cyane cyane mu gipimo cya iyoni cy’ibintu by’ingenzi biri muri rhizosphere. Inzira yo kubara ishingiye ku bushakashatsi ni uko igiteranyo cya aniyoni n’ibiciro bya cation bigabanywamo 20, kandi uko agaciro kayo kaba kari hejuru, ni ko rhizosphere EC iba iri hejuru. Rhizosphere EC ikwiye izatanga igipimo cya iyoni cy’ibintu bikwiye kandi bingana ku mizi.

Muri rusange, agaciro kayo ni gato (rhizosphere EC<2.0mS/cm). Kubera umuvuduko w’uturemangingo tw’imizi, bizatuma imizi ikenera amazi menshi, bigatuma ibimera birushaho kubona amazi menshi, kandi amazi menshi azakoreshwa mu gutera amababi, gukura kw’uturemangingo-gukura kw’ibimera; Agaciro kayo kari hejuru cyane (rhizosphere y’itumba EC>8~10mS/cm, rhizosphere y’impeshyi EC>5~7mS/cm). Uko rhizosphere EC yiyongera, ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amazi bw’imizi ntibuhagije, ibyo bigatuma ibimera bibura amazi, kandi mu bihe bikomeye, ibimera biraruma (Ishusho ya 1). Muri icyo gihe, ipiganwa hagati y’amababi n’imbuto ku mazi rizatuma amazi y’imbuto agabanuka, ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku musaruro n’ubwiza bw’imbuto. Iyo rhizosphere EC yiyongereyeho 0 ~ 2mS / cm2, bigira ingaruka nziza ku igenzura ku kwiyongera kw'isukari ishobora gushonga/ingano ikomeye y'imbuto, guhindura imikurire y'ibimera n'uburyo bwo kororoka, bityo abahinzi b'inyanya za cherry bakurikirana ubuziranenge bakunze gukoresha rhizosphere EC nyinshi. Byagaragaye ko isukari ishobora gushonga y'inkeri yakuweho yari iri hejuru cyane kurusha iyo yagenzuwe mu gihe cyo kuhira amazi y'inkeri (3g / L y'amazi y'inkeri yakozwe n'abayikoze hamwe n'igipimo cya NaCl: MgSO4: CaSO4 cya 2: 2: 1 cyongewe mu gisubizo cy'intungamubiri). Ibiranga inyanya za cherry zo mu Buholandi ni uko zigumana rhizosphere EC nyinshi (8 ~ 10mS / cm2) mu gihe cyose cy'umusaruro, kandi imbuto zifite ingano nyinshi y'isukari, ariko umusaruro w'imbuto urangiye ni muto cyane (5kg / m2).

pH ya Rhizosphere (unityless) ahanini yerekeza kuri pH y'umuti wa rhizosphere, bigira ingaruka cyane cyane ku mvura no gushonga kwa buri iyoni mu mazi, hanyuma bigatera ingaruka ku mikorere ya buri iyoni iri mu mizi. Kuri iyoni nyinshi z'ibintu, pH yayo ikwiye ni 5.5 ~ 6.5, ishobora kwemeza ko buri iyoni ishobora kwinjizwa n'imizi mu buryo busanzwe. Kubwibyo, mu gihe cyo gutera inyanya, pH ya rhizosphere igomba guhora iguma kuri 5.5 ~ 6.5. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza urwego rwa rhizosphere EC na pH mu byiciro bitandukanye byo gukura kw'inyanya nini. Ku nyanya nto, nk'inyanya za cherry, rhizosphere EC mu byiciro bitandukanye ni 0 ~ 1mS / cm hejuru y'inyanya nini, ariko zose zihindurwa hakurikijwe icyerekezo kimwe.

Impamvu zidasanzwe n'uburyo bwo gukosora imiterere y'inyanya mu miterere ya EC

Rhizosphere EC yerekeza kuri EC y'umuti w'intungamubiri ukikije imizi. Iyo ubwoya bw'inyanya butewe mu Buholandi, abahinzi bakoresha inshinge kugira ngo bakuremo umuti w'intungamubiri mu bwoya bw'inyanya, kandi ibisubizo biragaragara neza. Mu bihe bisanzwe, EC igaruka iba yegereye rhizosphere EC, bityo EC igaruka ikunze gukoreshwa nka rhizosphere EC mu Bushinwa. Ihindagurika rya buri munsi rya rhizosphere EC muri rusange rizamuka nyuma y'uko izuba riva, ritangira kugabanuka kandi rigakomeza kuba rihamye ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'izuba, kandi rizamuka buhoro buhoro nyuma yo kuhira, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.

Impamvu nyamukuru zituma EC igaruka cyane ni igipimo gito cyo kugaruka, EC ijyamo cyane no kuhira nyuma yo kuhira. Igipimo cyo kuhira ku munsi umwe ni gito, bigaragaza ko igipimo cyo kugaruka kw'amazi kiri hasi. Intego yo kuhira amazi ni ugusukura neza substrate, kwemeza ko rhizosphere EC, ingano y'amazi ya substrate n'ingano ya rizosphere rhizosphere biri mu rugero rusanzwe, kandi igipimo cyo kugaruka kw'amazi kiri hasi, kandi sisitemu y'imizi ifata amazi menshi kurusha iyoni z'ibanze, ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko EC yiyongera. EC ijyamo cyane iyobora ku gipimo cyo kugaruka kinini EC. Dukurikije amategeko, EC igaruka ni 0.5 ~ 1.5ms / cm hejuru y'iyo EC ijyamo. Kuhira kwa nyuma kwarangiye mbere y'uwo munsi, kandi ubukana bw'urumuri bwari bukiri hejuru (300 ~ 450W / m2) nyuma yo kuhira. Kubera ko ibimera byatwarwaga n'imirasire, sisitemu y'imizi yakomeje kwinjiza amazi, ingano y'amazi ya substrate iragabanuka, ingano ya rizosphere yiyongera, hanyuma rhizosphere EC yiyongera. Iyo rhizosphere EC iri hejuru, ubukana bw'imirasire ikaba iri hejuru, n'ubushuhe bukaba buke, ibimera bihura n'ikibazo cyo kubura amazi, ibyo bikaba bigaragara cyane ko biruma (Ishusho ya 1, iburyo).

EC nkeya muri rhizosphere iterwa ahanini n’umuvuduko mwinshi w’amazi agaruka, kuhira bitinze, hamwe na EC nkeya mu mazi yinjira, ibyo bikazongera ikibazo. Umuvuduko mwinshi w’amazi agaruka uzatuma habaho kwegerana kutagira iherezo hagati y’amazi yinjira na EC igaruka. Iyo kuhira birangiye bitinze, cyane cyane mu minsi y’ibicu, hamwe n’urumuri ruto n’ubushuhe bwinshi, guhumeka kw’ibimera biba bike, igipimo cyo kwinjiza imyuka y’ibimera kiba kinini kuruta icy’amazi, kandi igipimo cyo kugabanuka kw’amazi ya matrix kiba kiri hasi ugereranije n’igipimo cya iyoni mu gisubizo, ibyo bikazatuma EC nkeya y’amazi agaruka. Kubera ko umuvuduko wo kubyimba kw’uturemangingo tw’umuzi w’ibimera uba uri hasi ugereranije n’ubushobozi bw’amazi bw’umuti w’intungamubiri wa rhizosphere, imizi y’ibimera ifata amazi menshi kandi uburinganire bw’amazi ntibube buringaniye. Iyo guhumeka ari bike, ikimera kizava mu buryo bw’amazi asuka (ishusho ya 1, ibumoso), kandi niba ubushyuhe buri hejuru nijoro, ikimera kizakura ubusa.

Gupima igihe EC y’umuraba idasanzwe: ① Iyo EC y’umuraba iri hejuru, EC yinjiye igomba kuba iri mu rugero rukwiye. Muri rusange, EC y’inyanya nini z’imbuto ni 2.5 ~ 3.5mS / cm mu mpeshyi na 3.5 ~ 4.0mS / cm mu gihe cy’itumba. Icya kabiri, ongera igipimo cyo kugaruka kw’amazi, kiba mbere yo kuhira inshuro nyinshi saa sita, kandi urebe neza ko amazi agaruka buri gihe cyo kuhira. Igipimo cyo kugaruka kw’amazi gifitanye isano ryiza n’ubwiyongere bw’imirasire. Mu mpeshyi, iyo ubukana bw’imirasire bukiri hejuru ya 450 W / m2 kandi igihe kirenze iminota 30, kuhira bike (50 ~ 100mL / dripper) bigomba kongerwaho intoki rimwe, kandi ni byiza ko nta mazi agaruka abaho muri rusange. ② Iyo igipimo cyo kugaruka kw’amazi kiri hasi, impamvu nyamukuru ni igipimo cyo kugaruka kw’amazi kiri hejuru, EC iri hasi no kuhira nyuma. Ukurikije igihe cyo kuhira cya nyuma, kuhira kwa nyuma akenshi kurangira amasaha 2-5 mbere yuko izuba rirenga, bikarangira mu minsi y'ibicu n'itumba mbere y'igihe cyagenwe, kandi bigatinda mu minsi y'izuba n'impeshyi. Genzura igipimo cyo kugaruka kw'amazi, ukurikije ubwiyongere bw'imirasire yo hanze. Muri rusange, igipimo cyo kugaruka kw'amazi kiri munsi ya 10% iyo ubwiyongere bw'imirasire buri munsi ya 500J/(cm2.d), na 10%~20% iyo ubwiyongere bw'imirasire buri hagati ya 500~1000J/(cm2.d), n'ibindi.

Impamvu zidasanzwe n'ibipimo byo gukosora pH y'inyanya

Muri rusange, pH y'umusemburo ni 5.5 naho pH y'umusemburo ni 5.5 ~ 6.5 mu bihe byiza. Ibintu bigira ingaruka kuri pH ya rhizosphere ni formula, culture medium, leachate rate, amazi meza n'ibindi. Iyo pH ya rhizosphere iri hasi, izatwika imizi kandi ishongeshe cyane matrix y'ubwoya bw'amabuye, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3. Iyo pH ya rhizosphere iri hejuru, kwinjiza kwa Mn2+, Fe 3+, Mg2+ na PO4 3- bizagabanuka, ibyo bikazatuma habaho ibura ry'ibintu, nko kubura manganese guterwa na pH ya rhizosphere nyinshi, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.

Ku bijyanye n'ubwiza bw'amazi, amazi y'imvura n'amazi ayungurura membrane ya RO ni aside, kandi pH y'inzoga y'umubyeyi muri rusange ni 3 ~ 4, bigatuma pH y'inzoga yinjiye iba nke. Potasiyumu hidroksidi na potasiyumu bicarbonate bikunze gukoreshwa mu guhindura pH y'inzoga yinjiye. Amazi yo mu iriba n'amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka akunze kugenzurwa na aside nitrike na aside fosforike kuko birimo HCO3 - ari alkaline. pH idasanzwe yinjiye igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye kuri pH y'igaruka, bityo pH y'injira ikwiye ni yo shingiro ry'amabwiriza. Ku bijyanye n'ubutaka bw'ubuhinzi, nyuma yo gutera, pH y'amazi agaruka ya substrate ya coconut bran iba hafi y'amazi yinjira, kandi pH idasanzwe y'amazi yinjira ntabwo izatera ihindagurika rikomeye rya pH ya rhizosphere mu gihe gito kubera imiterere myiza y'ubutaka. Mu gihe cy'ubuhinzi bw'ubwoya bw'amabuye, agaciro ka pH y'amazi agaruka nyuma yo kwinjizwa mu butaka ni hejuru kandi imara igihe kirekire.

Mu bijyanye n'uburyo bwo kwinjiza iyoni, ibimera bishobora kugabanyamo umunyu wa aside physique n'umunyu wa alkaline. Dufashe urugero rwa NO3-, iyo ibimera bikuramo 1mol ya NO3-, imizi y'ibinyabuzima irekura 1mol ya OH-, bizatuma pH ya rhizosphere yiyongera, mu gihe iyo mizi y'ibinyabuzima ikuramo NH4+, irekura ingano imwe ya H+, bizatuma pH ya rhizosphere igabanuka. Kubwibyo, nitrate ni umunyu w'ibanze mu mikorere y'ibinyabuzima, mu gihe umunyu wa ammonium ari umunyu wa aside physique. Muri rusange, sulfate ya potasiyumu, nitrate ya calcium ammonium na sulfate ya ammonium ni ifumbire y'aside physique, nitrate ya potasiyumu na nitrate ya calcium ni umunyu wa alkaline physique, naho ammonium nitrate ni umunyu utagira aho ubogamiye. Ingaruka z'umuvuduko w'amazi kuri pH ya rhizosphere zigaragarira cyane cyane mu gusuka kw'intungamubiri za rhizosphere, kandi pH idasanzwe ya rhizosphere iterwa n'ingano ya iyoni idahuye muri rhizosphere.

Gupima niba pH ya rhizosphere idasanzwe: ① Ubwa mbere, reba niba pH ya influent iri mu rugero rukwiye; (2) Mu gukoresha amazi arimo karubone nyinshi, nk'amazi yo mu gishanga, umwanditsi yigeze gusanga pH ya influent yari isanzwe, ariko nyuma y'uko kuhira birangiye uwo munsi, pH ya influent yaragenzuwe basanga yiyongera. Nyuma yo gusesengura, impamvu ishoboka ni uko pH yiyongereye bitewe n'uburyo bwo kuhira bwa HCO3-, bityo ni byiza gukoresha aside nitrike nk'igikoresho cyo kugenzura iyo ukoresha amazi yo mu gishanga nk'isoko y'amazi yo kuhira; (3) Iyo ubwoya bw'amabuye bukoreshejwe nk'ubutaka bwo gutera, pH y'umuti ugaruka iba iri hejuru igihe kirekire mu ntangiriro z'ihinga. Muri iki gihe, pH y'umuti winjira igomba kugabanuka neza ikagera kuri 5.2 ~ 5.5, kandi icyarimwe, ingano y'umunyu wa aside physiological igomba kwiyongera, kandi calcium ammonium nitrate igomba gukoreshwa aho gukoresha calcium nitrate na potassium sulfate bigomba gukoreshwa aho gukoresha potassium nitrate. Icyitonderwa ni uko igipimo cya NH4+ kitagomba kurenza 1/10 cya N yose muri formula. Urugero, iyo igipimo cya N (NO3- + NH4+) kiri mu gipimo ari 20mmol/L, igipimo cya NH4+ kiri munsi ya 2mmol/L, kandi potasiyumu sulfate ishobora gukoreshwa mu mwanya wa nitrate ya potasiyumu, ariko icyitonderwa ni uko igipimo cya SO4^2-Mu kuhira ntibyemewe kurenza 6 ~ 8 mmol / L; (4) Ku bijyanye n'igipimo cyo kuhira amazi, ingano y'amazi igomba kongerwa buri gihe kandi ubutaka bugomba kozwa, cyane cyane iyo ubwoya bw'amabuye bukoreshwa mu gutera, bityo pH ya rhizosphere ntishobora guhindurwa vuba mu gihe gito hakoreshejwe umunyu wa aside physiological, bityo ingano y'amazi igomba kongerwa kugira ngo pH ya rhizosphere ihindurwe ku rugero rukwiye vuba bishoboka.

Incamake

Ingano ikwiye ya rhizosphere EC na pH ni yo shingiro ryo kwemeza ko imizi y’inyanya n’amazi bikurura amazi n’ifumbire bisanzwe. Ingano idasanzwe izatuma ibimera bibura intungamubiri, kutagira amazi menshi (kubura amazi menshi/amazi menshi), gutwika imizi (EC nyinshi na pH nke) n’ibindi bibazo. Kubera gutinda kw’ibimera kudasanzwe guterwa na rhizosphere EC na pH idasanzwe, iyo ikibazo kibaye, bivuze ko rhizosphere EC na pH idasanzwe bimaze iminsi myinshi, kandi inzira yo gusubira ku bimera izafata igihe, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku musaruro n’ubwiza. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kumenya EC na pH by’amazi yinjira n’agaruka buri munsi.

IHEREZO

[Amakuru yavuzwe] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, n'abandi. Uburyo bwo kugenzura Rhizosphere EC na pH bwo guhinga inyanya mu gishanga gikoresha indobo [J]. Ikoranabuhanga mu by'Ubuhinzi, 2022,42 (31):17-20.