Isoko y'umwimerere: Houcheng Liu. Imiterere y'iterambere n'icyerekezo cy'inganda zitanga amatara ya LED [J]. Ikinyamakuru cy'Ubuhanga mu by'Imurika, 2018,29 (04):8-9.
Inkomoko y'Ingingo: Ibikoresho bimaze kuba byinshi

Umucyo ni wo muco w’ibanze ku bidukikije kugira ngo ibimera bikure neza kandi bikure neza. Umucyo ntutanga ingufu zo gukura kw’ibimera binyuze muri fotosite, ahubwo unagenzura imikorere y’ibimera. Inyongera y’urumuri rw’ubukorano cyangwa imirasire y’urumuri rw’ubukorano ishobora gutuma ibimera bikura neza, kongera umusaruro, kunoza imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, ibara ryabyo, kongera imikorere y’ibice, no kugabanya indwara n’udukoko. Uyu munsi, ndabagezaho uko iterambere ry’ibimera rihagaze n’uko urwego rw’amatara y’ibimera ruhagaze.
Ikoranabuhanga ry’urumuri rw’ubukorano rigenda rikoreshwa cyane mu bijyanye n’amatara y’ibimera. LED ifite ibyiza byinshi nko gukoresha neza urumuri, gutanga ubushyuhe buke, ingano nto, kuramba n’ibindi byiza byinshi. Ifite ibyiza bifatika mu bijyanye n’amatara y’ibimera. Inganda zitanga amatara y’ibimera zizajya zikoresha amatara ya LED buhoro buhoro mu buhinzi bw’ibimera.

A. Uko inganda zikora amatara ya LED zihagaze mu iterambere 

1. Pake ya LED yo kumurikira ibihingwa

Mu rwego rwo gupfunyika amatara ya LED akoreshwa mu gupfunyika, hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho byo gupfunyika, kandi nta buryo buhuriweho bwo gupima no gusuzuma. Kubwibyo, ugereranije n'ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu, inganda zo mu mahanga zibanda cyane cyane ku cyerekezo cy'ingufu nyinshi, cob na module, zishingiye ku rumuri rw'umweru rw'amatara akoreshwa mu gupfunyika, bitewe n'imiterere y'ibimera bikura n'ibidukikije by'urumuri byakozwe n'abantu, zifite inyungu nyinshi mu bya tekiniki mu kwizerwa, gukoresha neza urumuri, imiterere y'imirasire ya photosynthesis y'ibimera bitandukanye mu bihe bitandukanye byo gukura, harimo ubwoko butandukanye bw'inganda zikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ingufu ziciriritse n'izikoresha ingufu nkeya z'ingano zitandukanye, kugira ngo zihuze n'ibikenewe by'inganda zitandukanye mu bidukikije bitandukanye byo gukura, ziteze kugera ku ntego yo kongera gukura kw'ibimera no kuzigama ingufu.

Umubare munini w'amapatanti y'ingenzi ya chip epitaxial wafers uracyari mu maboko y'ibigo bikomeye nka Nichia yo mu Buyapani na American Career. Inganda zikora chips zo mu gihugu ziracyabura ibicuruzwa bifite patenti kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku isoko. Muri icyo gihe, amasosiyete menshi arimo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya mu bijyanye no gupakira chips zo mu mirima. Urugero, ikoranabuhanga rya Osram rikoresha chips nto rituma chips zipfunyikwa hamwe kugira ngo habeho ubuso bunini bw'urumuri. Hashingiwe kuri iri koranabuhanga, sisitemu y'urumuri rwa LED ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru ifite uburebure bwa 660nm ishobora kugabanya 40% by'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gace gahingwamo.

2. Kongera urumuri n'ibikoresho
Uburyo urumuri rw'ibimera rugaragara cyane kandi ruratandukanye. Ibimera bitandukanye bifite itandukaniro rikomeye mu miterere ikenewe mu miterere itandukanye y'iterambere ndetse no mu miterere itandukanye y'iterambere. Kugira ngo habeho ibyo bikenewe bitandukanye, ubu hari gahunda zikurikira mu nganda: ①Gahunda nyinshi zo guhuza urumuri rwa monochromatic. Spektara eshatu nziza cyane zo gukora fotositemu y'ibimera ni spectra ifite uburebure bwa 450nm na 660nm, uburebure bwa 730nm bwo gutuma ibimera bikura indabyo, hamwe n'urumuri rw'icyatsi rwa 525nm n'uburebure bwa ultraviolet buri munsi ya 380nm. Huza ubwo bwoko bwa spectra hakurikijwe ibyo ibimera bikeneye kugira ngo habe spectra ikwiye cyane. ②Gahunda yuzuye ya spectra kugira ngo ugere ku gipimo cyuzuye cy'uburyo ibimera bikenera. Ubwo bwoko bwa spectra bujyanye na chip ya SUNLIKE ihagarariwe na Seoul Semiconductor na Samsung bushobora kuba butari bwo bwiza cyane, ariko bukwiriye ibimera byose, kandi igiciro kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo guhuza urumuri rwa monochromatic. ③ Koresha urumuri rw'umweru rufite spectrum yose nk'inkingi nyamukuru, hamwe n'urumuri rutukura rwa 660nm nk'uburyo bwo guhuza kugira ngo wongere imikorere ya spectrum. Iyi gahunda ihendutse kandi ikora neza.

Ibikoresho byo gupakira by’urumuri rwa LED (uburebure bw’umurambararo ni 450nm, 660nm, 730nm) bipfunyikwa n’ibigo byinshi byo mu gihugu no mu mahanga, mu gihe ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu bitandukanye kandi bifite ibisobanuro byinshi, kandi ibicuruzwa by’inganda zo mu mahanga bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse. Muri icyo gihe, ku bijyanye n’uburyo bwo gupakira bwa fotoni, ubushobozi bw’urumuri, nibindi, haracyari icyuho kinini hagati y’inganda zo gupakira mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Ku bikoresho byo gupakira by’urumuri rwa fotoni, usibye ibicuruzwa bifite ubunini bw’umurambararo bwa 450nm, 660nm, na 730nm, inganda nyinshi nazo zirimo gutegura ibicuruzwa bishya mu zindi nsinga z’umurambararo kugira ngo zigere ku burebure bwuzuye bw’umurambararo wa fotoni (PAR) (450-730nm).

Amatara ya LED y’ibimera akoresha uburyo bwa monochromatic ntabwo akwiriye gukura kw’ibimera byose. Kubwibyo, ibyiza bya LED z’imiterere yuzuye biragaragazwa. Uburyo bwa 'full spectrum' bugomba kubanza kugera ku buryo bwuzuye ku buryo bwose bw’urumuri rugaragara (400-700nm), no kongera imikorere y’iyi mirongo ibiri: urumuri rw’ubururu-icyatsi (470-510nm), urumuri rutukura rwinshi (660-700nm). Koresha 'blue LED' isanzwe cyangwa 'ultraviolet' chip irimo phosphor kugira ngo ugere ku buryo "bwuzuye", kandi imikorere yayo ya 'photosynthesis' ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru n’ubuke. Abakora ibikoresho byinshi byo gupakira amatara ya LED y’umweru bakoresha 'Blue chip + phosphor' kugira ngo ugere ku buryo bwuzuye. Uretse uburyo bwo gupakira amatara ya monochromatic n’urumuri rw’ubururu cyangwa 'ultraviolet chip' hamwe na phosphor kugira ngo ugere ku rumuri rwera, ibikoresho byo gupakira amatara y’ibimera bifite uburyo bwo gupakira bukoresha 'double wavelength chips' ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi, nka 'red ten blue/ultraviolet', RGB, RGBW. Ubu buryo bwo gupakira bufite inyungu nyinshi mu kugabanya ibiciro.

Ku bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa bya LED bifite uburebure bw'umurambararo muto, abatanga serivisi zo gupakira benshi bashobora guha abakiriya ibicuruzwa bitandukanye by'uburebure bw'umurambararo mu gice cya 365-740nm. Ku bijyanye n'urumuri rw'ibimera ruhindurwa na fosforasi, abakora udukapeteri benshi bafite ubwoko butandukanye bw'urumuri abakiriya bashobora guhitamo. Ugereranyije n'umwaka wa 2016, igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'ibicuruzwa byayo mu 2017 cyageze ku kigero gifatika. Muri byo, igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'urumuri rwa LED rufite uburebure bwa 660nm kiri hagati ya 20% na 50%, kandi igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'ibicuruzwa by'urumuri rwa LED rufite phosphorasi kigera kuri 50% na 200%, ni ukuvuga ko kugurisha kw'urumuri rwa LED rufite phosphorasi biri kwiyongera vuba.

Ibigo byose bipakira bishobora gutanga ibikoresho rusange bya 0.2-0.9 W na 1-3 W. Ibi bituma abakora amatara bagira ubushobozi bwo gupakira neza. Byongeye kandi, bamwe mu bakora amatara banatanga ibikoresho bipakira bifite imbaraga nyinshi. Kuri ubu, ibirenga 80% by'ibyoherezwa n'inganda nyinshi ni 0.2-0.9 W cyangwa 1-3 W. Muri byo, ibyoherezwa n'ibigo mpuzamahanga bikomeye bipakira biri muri 1-3 W, mu gihe ibyoherezwa n'ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse bipakira biri muri 0.2-0.9 W.

3. Amashami yo gukoresha amatara yo gukuraho ibimera

Mu rwego rwo gukoresha, amatara yo mu bimera akoreshwa cyane cyane mu matara akoreshwa mu bushyuhe, mu nganda z’ibimera, mu buhinzi bw’ibimera, mu matara yo mu mirima yo hanze, mu gutera imboga zo mu rugo no mu ndabo, ndetse no mu bushakashatsi ku bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari.

①Mu mazu akoreshwa mu busitani bw'izuba n'amazu akoreshwa mu busitani bwinshi, igipimo cy'urumuri rw'ubukorano rw'inyongera kiracyari gito, kandi amatara ya halide y'icyuma n'amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi ni byo by'ingenzi. Igipimo cyo kwinjira mu matara ya LED kiri hasi cyane, ariko igipimo cyo gukura gitangira kwihuta uko ikiguzi kigabanuka. Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko abakoresha bafite uburambe bw'igihe kirekire bwo gukoresha amatara ya halide y'icyuma n'amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi, kandi ikoreshwa ry'amatara ya halide y'icyuma n'amatara ya sodium afite umuvuduko mwinshi rishobora gutanga hafi 6% kugeza 8% by'ingufu z'ubushyuhe ku busitani mu gihe birinda gutwika ibimera. Sisitemu y'amatara ya LED ntiyatanze amabwiriza yihariye kandi meza n'ubufasha bw'amakuru, byatumye idindira ikoreshwa ryayo ku manywa no mu mazu akoreshwa mu busitani bwinshi. Kuri ubu, uburyo bwo kwerekana imiterere y'ubutaka buto buracyari ingenzi. Kubera ko LED ari isoko y'urumuri rukonje, ishobora kuba hafi y'ibimera, bigatuma ubushyuhe budakomera. Mu mazu akoreshwa mu busitani bwinshi n'amazu akoreshwa mu busitani bwinshi, amatara ya LED akoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi bw'ibimera bitandukanye.

②Gukoresha amatara yo hanze mu buhinzi. Uburyo amatara y’ibimera yinjira kandi agakoreshwa mu buhinzi bw’ibigo byagiye buhoro, mu gihe gukoresha uburyo bwo gushushanya ibimera bya LED (photoperiod control) ku bihingwa bimara umunsi munini hanze bifite agaciro kanini mu bukungu (nk’imbuto z’ikiyoka) byageze ku iterambere ryihuse.

③Inganda z’inganda. Muri iki gihe, sisitemu y’amatara yihuta kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda ni uruganda rw’inganda z’urumuri rw’ubukorano, rugabanyijemo inganda z’inganda zigendanwa zifite ibyiciro byinshi kandi zikwirakwizwa hakurikijwe ibyiciro. Iterambere ry’inganda z’inganda z’urumuri rw’ubukorano mu Bushinwa ririhuta cyane. Urwego rw’ishoramari runini rw’uruganda rw’inganda z’urumuri rw’ubukorano rufite ibyiciro byinshi si amasosiyete asanzwe y’ubuhinzi, ahubwo ni amasosiyete menshi akora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bya semiconductor n’ibicuruzwa by’ikoranabuhanga, nka Zhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, ndetse na COFCO na Xi Cui n’andi masosiyete mashya y’ubuhinzi agezweho. Mu nganda z’inganda zigendanwa n’izigendanwa, amakonteyineri yo gutwara ibintu (amakonteyineri mashya cyangwa kongera kubaka amakonteyineri yakoreshejwe) aracyakoreshwa nk’ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gutwara ibintu. Sisitemu z’amatara y’inganda z’inganda z’ubukorano zikoresha cyane cyane sisitemu z’amatara zigororotse cyangwa zigororotse, kandi umubare w’amoko y’ibihingwa ukomeje kwiyongera. Inkomoko zitandukanye z’amatara ya LED yatangiye gukoreshwa cyane kandi cyane. Ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko ahanini ni imboga z’icyatsi kibisi.

④Gutera ibimera byo mu ngo. LED ishobora gukoreshwa mu matara yo ku meza y'ibimera byo mu ngo, mu dusanduku two guteramo ibimera byo mu ngo, mu mashini zo guhinga imboga zo mu ngo, n'ibindi.

⑤Guhinga ibimera bivura. Guhinga ibimera bivura bigizwe n'ibimera nka Anoectochilus na Lithospermum. Ibicuruzwa biri muri aya masoko bifite agaciro kanini mu bukungu kandi ubu ni inganda zifite ibikorwa byinshi byo gucana ibimera. Byongeye kandi, kwemererwa guhinga urumogi muri Amerika ya Ruguru no mu bice bimwe by'i Burayi byateje imbere ikoreshwa ry'urumuri rwa LED mu buhinzi bw'urumogi.

⑥Amatara y'indabyo. Nk'igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo guhindura igihe indabyo zimara mu nganda zihinga indabyo, amatara y'indabyo yakoreshejwe bwa mbere yari amatara y'urumuri, hagakurikiraho amatara y'urumuri agabanya ingufu. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'inganda za LED, amatara menshi y'indabyo zo mu bwoko bwa LED yagiye asimbuza amatara asanzwe buhoro buhoro.

⑦Guhinga ingirangingo z'ibimera. Amatara gakondo yo gupima ingirangingo z'ibimera ni amatara y'umweru akoresha urumuri rwinshi, afite ubushobozi buke bwo gutanga urumuri kandi agatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. Amatara ya LED akwiriye cyane mu gupima ingirangingo z'ibimera neza, ashobora kugenzurwa kandi akaba make bitewe n'imiterere yayo idasanzwe nko gukoresha ingufu nke, gutanga ubushyuhe buke no kuramba. Kuri ubu, imiyoboro ya LED yera igenda isimbuza amatara yera akoresha urumuri rwinshi.

4. Gukwirakwiza ibigo by'amatara yo guhinga mu turere

Dukurikije imibare, ubu hari amasosiyete arenga 300 akora amatara yo guhinga mu gihugu cyanjye, kandi amasosiyete akora amatara yo guhinga mu gace ka Pearl River Delta afite arenga 50%, kandi asanzwe ari mu mwanya ukomeye. Amasosiyete akora amatara yo guhinga mu ruzi rwa Yangtze afite hafi 30%, kandi aracyari agace k'ingenzi gakorerwamo amatara yo guhinga. Amasosiyete asanzwe akora amatara yo guhinga aboneka cyane cyane mu ruzi rwa Yangtze, Pearl River Delta na Bohai Rim, aho uruzi rwa Yangtze Delta rufite 53%, naho Pearl River Delta na Bohai Rim bifite 24% na 22%. Ahantu hanini hakwirakwizwa amatara ya LED ni Pearl River Delta (62%), Yangtze River Delta (20%) na Bohai Rim (12%).

B. Iterambere ry'inganda zikora amatara ya LED

1. Ubuhanga mu by'ibanga

Amatara ya LED afite imiterere yo guhindura imiterere y'urumuri n'ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe buke muri rusange, n'imikorere myiza idapfa amazi, bityo akaba akwiriye amatara yo guhinga ahantu hatandukanye. Muri icyo gihe, impinduka mu bidukikije kamere n'uburyo abantu bakurikirana ubwiza bw'ibiribwa byateje imbere cyane ubuhinzi n'inganda zihinga, kandi byatumye inganda zitunganya amatara ya LED zijya mu gihe cy'iterambere ryihuse. Mu gihe kizaza, amatara ya LED azagira uruhare runini mu kunoza umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, kunoza umutekano w'ibiribwa, no kunoza ubwiza bw'imbuto n'imboga. Isoko y'urumuri rwa LED rukoreshwa mu gutera amatara y'ibihingwa izarushaho gutera imbere hamwe n'ubwitonzi bw'inganda buhoro buhoro kandi ijye mu cyerekezo cyihariye.

2. Gukora neza cyane

Kunoza imikorere myiza y'urumuri n'ingufu ni ingenzi mu kugabanya cyane ikiguzi cy'imikorere y'urumuri rw'ibimera. Gukoresha amatara ya LED mu gusimbuza amatara gakondo no kunoza imiterere y'urumuri hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu ifuru y'urumuri ku bimera kuva ku gihe cyo gutera imbuto kugeza ku gihe cyo gusarura ni byo bizagenderwaho mu buhinzi bunoze mu gihe kizaza. Mu bijyanye no kunoza umusaruro, ishobora guhingwa mu byiciro no mu turere hamwe n'ifuru y'urumuri hakurikijwe imiterere y'iterambere ry'ibimera kugira ngo hongerwe umusaruro mwiza n'umusaruro muri buri cyiciro. Mu bijyanye no kunoza ubwiza, kugenzura imirire no kugenzura urumuri bishobora gukoreshwa mu kongera ingano y'intungamubiri n'ibindi bintu bikora ku buzima.

Dukurikije ibipimo, igikenewe ku rwego rw'igihugu cy'ingemwe z'imboga ni miliyari 680, mu gihe ubushobozi bw'ingemwe z'inganda bungana na 10%. Inganda z'ingemwe zifite ibisabwa byinshi mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Igihe cyo gukora ahanini ni igihe cy'itumba n'impeshyi. Umucyo karemano ni muto kandi hakenewe urumuri rw'inyongera. Amatara y'ibimera afite uburyo bwinshi bwo kwinjiza no gutanga umusaruro kandi yemerwa cyane n'uburyo bwo kwinjiza. Amatara ya LED afite ibyiza bidasanzwe, kuko imbuto n'imboga (inyanya, inkoko, amahumyo, nibindi) bigomba guterwa, kandi uburyo bwihariye bwo kongera urumuri mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutuma ingemwe zatewe zikira. Umucyo w'inyongera mu gutera imboga mu bimera bishobora gukosora ibura ry'urumuri karemano, kunoza imikorere y'ibimera mu gukora fotosinthesitike, guteza imbere indabyo no kwera imbuto, kongera umusaruro, no kunoza ireme ry'ibicuruzwa. Amatara ya LED afite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mu ngemwe z'imboga no mu buhinzi bugezweho.

3. Ubwenge

Amatara yo mu bimera akeneye cyane kugenzura ubwiza bw'urumuri mu buryo nyabwo n'ingano y'urumuri mu gihe nyacyo. Hamwe no kunoza ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura imiterere y'urumuri mu buryo bw'ubwenge no gukoresha interineti y'ibintu, ubwoko butandukanye bwa spectrums za monochromatic na sisitemu zo kugenzura imiterere y'ubwenge zishobora kugenzura igihe, kugenzura urumuri, kandi hakurikijwe uko ibimera bikura, guhindura ubwiza bw'urumuri ku gihe no gutanga urumuri bizaba intandaro nyamukuru mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kureba imiterere y'urumuri mu bimera mu gihe kizaza.