Intangiriro

Umucyo ugira uruhare runini mu mikurire y'ibimera. Ni ifumbire nziza yo gutuma chlorophyll y'ibimera ikura neza no kwinjiza imiterere itandukanye y'ibimera nka carotene. Ariko, ikintu cy'ingenzi kigena imikurire y'ibimera ni ikintu cyuzuye, kitajyanye n'urumuri gusa, ahubwo kinatandukanizwa n'imiterere y'amazi, ubutaka n'ifumbire, imiterere y'ibidukikije bikura ndetse n'igenzura ryuzuye rya tekiniki.

Mu myaka ibiri cyangwa itatu ishize, habayeho raporo zitabarika ku ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'urumuri rwa semiconductor ku bijyanye n'inganda z'ibimera cyangwa imikurire y'ibimera. Ariko nyuma yo kubisoma neza, hari igihe habaho kumva utuntu duto. Muri rusange, nta gusobanukirwa neza uruhare urumuri rugomba kugira mu mikurire y'ibimera.

Ubwa mbere, reka dusobanukirwe imiterere y'izuba, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Bigaragara ko imiterere y'izuba ari imiterere ihoraho, aho imiterere y'ubururu n'icyatsi kibisi irusha imiterere y'umutuku, kandi imiterere y'urumuri rugaragara iri hagati ya nanometero 380 na 780. Ikura ry'ibinyabuzima mu bidukikije rifitanye isano n'ubukana bw'imiterere y'urumuri. Urugero, ibimera byinshi byo mu gace kegereye equator bikura vuba cyane, kandi icyarimwe, ingano y'ikura ryabyo ni nini. Ariko ubukana bwinshi bw'imirasire y'izuba si ko buri gihe iba nziza, kandi hari urwego runaka rw'uburyo inyamaswa n'ibimera bikura.

Ishusho ya 1, Ibiranga spectrum y'izuba n'urumuri rwayo rugaragara

Icya kabiri, igishushanyo cya kabiri cy'ibintu byinshi by'ingenzi bikura mu gukura kw'ibimera kigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.

Ishusho ya 2, Uburyo ibimera byinjizamo utubumbe twinshi mu mikurire yabyo

Bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2 ko uburyo urumuri rufata urumuri rw’ibice byinshi by’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mikurire y’ibimera bitandukanye cyane. Kubwibyo, gukoresha amatara ya LED mu gukura kw’ibimera si ikintu cyoroshye, ahubwo ni ikintu kigamije cyane. Aha ni ngombwa kwerekana ibitekerezo by’ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi cyane bikura ku bimera bikozwe muri fotosite.

• Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll ni imwe mu mabara y'ingenzi ajyanye na fotosite. Iboneka mu binyabuzima byose bishobora gukora fotosite, harimo ibimera by'icyatsi kibisi, algae ya prokaryotic blue-green (cyanobacteria) na algae ya eukaryotic. Chlorophyll ikura ingufu ziva mu mucyo, hanyuma igakoreshwa mu guhindura dioxyde de carbone mo karubone.

Chlorophyll a ifata urumuri rutukura cyane cyane, naho chlorophyll b ifata urumuri rw'ubururu-violet, cyane cyane kugira ngo itandukane ibimera bifite igicucu n'ibimera by'izuba. Igipimo cya chlorophyll b na chlorophyll a by'ibimera bifite igicucu ni gito, bityo ibimera bifite igicucu bishobora gukoresha urumuri rw'ubururu cyane kandi bigashobora kwitwara neza mu gihingwa gifite igicucu. Chlorophyll a ni ubururu-icyatsi, naho chlorophyll b ni umuhondo-icyatsi. Hari uburyo bubiri bukomeye bwo gufata chlorophyll a na chlorophyll b, bumwe mu gace gatukura gafite uburebure bwa 630-680 nm, ubundi mu gace gafite uburebure bwa 400-460 nm.

• Karotenoide

Karotenoide ni ijambo rusange ry’ubwoko bw’amabara y’ingenzi karemano, akunze kuboneka mu mabara y’umuhondo, umuhondo-umutuku cyangwa umutuku mu nyamaswa, ibimera binini, ibihumyo, n’ibimera by’ibimera. Kugeza ubu, hamaze kuvumburwa karotenoide karemano zirenga 600.

Uburyo bwo kwinjiza karotenoyide mu buryo bw'urumuri bugera ku rugero rwa OD303 ~ 505 nm, ibyo bikaba bitanga ibara ry'ibiryo kandi bikagira ingaruka ku buryo umubiri urya ibiryo. Mu bimera, mu bimera no mu tunyangingo, ibara ryabyo ritwikiriwe na chlorophyll kandi ntirishobora kugaragara. Mu tunyangingo tw'ibimera, karotenoyide ikorwa ntabwo ifata no kohereza ingufu gusa kugira ngo ifashe fotosite, ahubwo inafite inshingano yo kurinda uturemangingo kwangirika na molekile za ogisijeni ziterwa na electron imwe.

Kutumvikana bimwe mu bitekerezo

Nubwo hari ingaruka zo kuzigama ingufu, uburyo urumuri rutoranywa ndetse n’uburyo urumuri ruhuza, amatara ya semiconductor yagaragaje ibyiza byinshi. Ariko, bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’imyaka ibiri ishize, twabonye kandi ibintu byinshi bitajyanye n’imiterere n’ikoreshwa ry’urumuri, ibyo bikaba bigaragarira cyane mu ngingo zikurikira.

①Igihe cyose uduce dutukura n'ubururu by'uburebure runaka bihujwe mu gipimo runaka, bishobora gukoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'ibimera, urugero, igipimo cy'umutuku n'ubururu ni 4:1, 6:1, 9:1 n'ibindi.

②Igihe cyose ari urumuri rwera, rushobora gusimbura urumuri rw'izuba, nk'umuyoboro w'urumuri rw'umweru w'ibanze ukoreshwa cyane mu Buyapani, n'ibindi. Gukoresha izi spectrum bigira ingaruka ku mikurire y'ibimera, ariko ingaruka si nziza nk'iz'urumuri rukorwa na LED.

③Igihe cyose PPFD (ubucucike bw'urumuri rwa quantum), ikipimo cy'ingenzi cy'urumuri, kigera ku gipimo runaka, urugero, PPFD irenze 200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Ariko, mu gihe ukoresha iki kimenyetso, ugomba kwitondera niba ari igihingwa gipfutse cyangwa ikimera cy'izuba. Ugomba kubaza cyangwa gushaka aho urumuri rugarukira kuri ibyo bimera, ari nacyo cyitwa aho urumuri rugarukira. Mu mikoreshereze nyayo, ingemwe zikunze gutwikwa cyangwa kuma. Kubwibyo, imiterere y'iki kimenyetso igomba gushushanywa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ibimera, aho bikura n'imiterere yabyo.

Ku bijyanye n'igice cya mbere, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro, imiterere ikenewe kugira ngo ibimera bikure igomba kuba imiterere ihoraho ifite ubugari runaka. Birumvikana ko bidakwiye gukoresha isoko y'urumuri ikozwe mu duce tubiri tw'uburebure bw'umutuku n'ubururu dufite imiterere mito cyane (nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 (a)). Mu igerageza, byagaragaye ko ibimera bikunze kuba umuhondo, imiterere y'amababi ikaba yoroheje cyane, kandi imiterere y'amababi ikaba nto cyane.

Ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite amabara atatu y'ibanze akoreshwa mu myaka yashize, nubwo umweru ukorwa, spectra itukura, icyatsi kibisi, n'ubururu biratandukanye (nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 (b)), kandi ubugari bwa spectra ni buto cyane. Ingufu za spectra z'igice gikurikira zikomeza ni nke cyane, kandi imbaraga ziracyari nini ugereranije na LED, inshuro 1.5 kugeza kuri 3 z'ingufu zikoreshwa. Kubwibyo, ingaruka zo gukoresha ntabwo ari nziza nk'amatara ya LED.

Ishusho ya 3, Itara ry'ibimera rya LED ritukura n'ubururu hamwe n'urumuri rw'amabara atatu y'ibanze rwa fluorescent

PPFD ni ubucucike bw'urumuri rwa quantum flux, bivuga ubucucike bw'urumuri rw'imirasire ikora neza muri fotosite, igaragaza umubare wose w'ibiza bya quanta y'urumuri ku biti by'ibimera biri ku rurerure rw'uburebure kuva kuri 400 kugeza 700 nm kuri buri gice cy'igihe n'agace k'igice cy'ubunini. Igice cyayo ni μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). Imirasire ikora kuri fotosite (PAR) yerekeza ku mirasire y'izuba yose ifite ubucucike bw'uburebure kuva kuri 400 kugeza 700 nm. Ishobora kugaragazwa haba hakoreshejwe quanta y'urumuri cyangwa ingufu zikora kuri fotosite.

Mu bihe byashize, ubukana bw'urumuri bwagaragazwaga na illuminateur bwari urumuri, ariko imiterere y'imikurire y'ibimera irahinduka bitewe n'uburebure bw'urumuri ruturuka ku kimera, uburyo urumuri rutwikiriye ndetse niba urumuri rushobora kunyura mu mababi. Kubwibyo, si byiza gukoresha par nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubukana bw'urumuri mu bushakashatsi bwa fotosite.

Muri rusange, uburyo bwo gukora fotositemu bushobora gutangizwa iyo PPFD y'ikimera gikunda izuba irenze 50 μmol·m-2·s-1, mu gihe PPFD y'ikimera gipfutse ikeneye gusa 20 μmol·m-2·s-1. Kubwibyo, mugihe uguze amatara ya LED, ushobora guhitamo umubare w'amatara ya LED ukurikije agaciro kayo n'ubwoko bw'ibimera utera. Urugero, niba PPFD y'urumuri rumwe rwa LED ari 20 μmol·m-2·s-1, amatara arenga atatu ya LED arakenewe kugira ngo ibimera bikunda izuba bikure.

Ibisubizo byinshi by'imiterere y'amatara ya semiconductor

Amatara ya semiconductor akoreshwa mu gukura cyangwa gutera ibimera, kandi hari uburyo bubiri bw'ibanze bwo kubikoresha.

• Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo gutera imbuto mu nzu bushyushye cyane mu Bushinwa. Ubu buryo bufite imiterere myinshi:

①Inshingano z'amatara ya LED ni ugutanga urumuri rwuzuye rw'ibimera, kandi sisitemu y'urumuri irakenewe kugira ngo itange ingufu zose z'urumuri, kandi ikiguzi cyo gukora ni kinini;
②Igishushanyo mbonera cy'amatara ya LED gikwiye kuzirikana imikorere n'ubuziranenge bw'urumuri;
③Ni ngombwa kugenzura neza igihe cyo gutanga urumuri n'ubukana bw'urumuri, nko kureka ibimera bikaruhuka amasaha make, ubukana bw'imirasire y'urumuri ntibuhagije cyangwa ngo bube bukomeye cyane, nibindi;
④Ibikorwa byose bigomba kwigana imiterere isabwa n'aho ibimera bikura neza hanze, nk'ubushuhe, ubushyuhe n'ubwinshi bwa CO2.

• Uburyo bwo gutera ibiti hanze bufite umusingi mwiza wo gutera ibiti byo hanze. Ibiranga ubu buryo ni ibi bikurikira:

①Inshingano z'amatara ya LED ni ukongera ubukana bw'urumuri. Kimwe ni ukongera ubukana bw'urumuri mu bice by'ubururu n'umutuku biri munsi y'imirasire y'izuba ku manywa kugira ngo biteze imbere fotositemu y'ibimera, ikindi ni ukongera igihe nta zuba riri nijoro kugira ngo biteze imbere igipimo cyo gukura kw'ibimera.
②Urumuri rw'inyongera rugomba gusuzuma igihe cyo gukura igihingwa kirimo, nko mu gihe cy'imbuto cyangwa igihe cyo kurabya no kubyara.

Kubwibyo, igishushanyo mbonera cy'amatara yo gukuraho ibimera bya LED kigomba kubanza kugira uburyo bubiri bw'ibanze bwo gushushanya, ari bwo, amatara yo mu nzu (imbere) n'amatara y'inyongera yo gukuraho ibimera (yo hanze). Ku buhinzi bw'ibimera byo mu nzu, igishushanyo mbonera cy'amatara yo gukuraho ibimera bya LED kigomba gusuzuma ibintu bitatu, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Ntibishoboka gupfunyika utwuma duto dufite amabara atatu y'ibanze mu rugero runaka.

Ishusho ya 4, Igitekerezo cy'igishushanyo cyo gukoresha amatara yo mu nzu yo kongera imbaraga za LED mu gihe cy'amatara y'amasaha 24

Urugero, kuri spectrum iri mu cyiciro cy’uburere, bitewe nuko igomba gukomeza imikurire y’imizi n’amashami, gukomeza amashami y’amababi, kandi isoko y’urumuri ikoreshwa mu nzu, spectrum ishobora gushushanywa nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5.

Ishusho ya 5, Imiterere ya Spectral ikwiriye igihe cyo gutereramo LED mu nzu

Ku bijyanye n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubwoko bwa kabiri bw'urumuri rwa LED, ahanini kigamije gushushanya urumuri rw'inyongera kugira ngo gitere imbere gutera mu butaka bw'ubusitani bwo hanze. Igitekerezo cy'igishushanyo mbonera kigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6.

Ishusho ya 6, Ibitekerezo byo gushushanya amatara yo hanze yo gukuramo ibimera 

Umwanditsi avuga ko amasosiyete menshi ahinga yakoresha uburyo bwa kabiri bwo gukoresha amatara ya LED kugira ngo ateze imbere gukura kw'ibimera.

Mbere na mbere, ubuhinzi bw’ibikomoka ku bimera mu Bushinwa bufite ubunararibonye bwinshi n’uburyo butandukanye, haba mu majyepfo no mu majyaruguru. Bufite ishingiro ryiza ry’ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi bw’ibimera kandi butanga imbuto n’imboga nyinshi ku isoko ry’imijyi iyikikije. Cyane cyane mu bijyanye no gutera ubutaka, amazi n’ifumbire, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwaragaragaye.

Icya kabiri, ubu bwoko bw'urumuri rw'inyongera bushobora kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu bitari ngombwa, kandi icyarimwe bukongera umusaruro w'imbuto n'imboga. Byongeye kandi, agace kanini k'Ubushinwa ni akarere koroshye cyane kugateza imbere.

Nk’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi ku matara ya LED, inatanga ishingiro ryagutse ry’igerageza ryayo. Igishushanyo cya 7 ni ubwoko bw’urumuri rwa LED rwakozwe n’iri tsinda ry’ubushakashatsi, rukwiriye guhingwa mu mazu y’ubusitani, kandi imiterere yarwo igaragara ku Gishushanyo cya 8.

Ishusho ya 7, Ubwoko bw'urumuri rwa LED rukura

Ishusho ya 8, ubwoko bw'urumuri rwa LED rukura

Dukurikije ibitekerezo byavuzwe haruguru, itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi ryakoze igerageza ry’uruhererekane rw’igerageza, kandi ibisubizo by’igerageza ni ingenzi cyane. Urugero, ku rumuri rwo gukura mu gihe cy’irerero, itara ryakoreshejwe mbere ni itara rya fluorescent rifite imbaraga za wati 32 n’ukwezi kwa sitasiyo y’irerero kw’iminsi 40. Dutanga urumuri rwa wati 12 rwa LED, rugabanya igihe cy’irerero ku minsi 30, rugabanya neza ingaruka z’ubushyuhe bw’amatara mu irerero ry’irerero, kandi rugatuma icyuma gikonjesha kidakoresha imbaraga. Ubunini, uburebure n’ibara by’imbuto ni byiza kuruta umuti w’umwimerere wo gukuramo imbuto. Ku mbuto z’imboga zisanzwe, imyanzuro myiza yo kugenzura nayo yabonetse, ikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira.

Muri byo, itsinda ry’urumuri rw’inyongera rya PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, n’igipimo cy’umutuku n’ubururu: 0.6-0.7. Igipimo cya PPFD cyo ku manywa cy’itsinda karemano cyari 40 ~ 800 μmol·m-2·s-1, naho igipimo cy’umutuku n’ubururu cyari 0.6 ~ 1.2. Bigaragara ko ibipimo byavuzwe haruguru ari byiza kurusha iby’imbuto zisanzwe.

Umwanzuro

Iyi nkuru iragaragaza iterambere rigezweho mu ikoreshwa ry'amatara ya LED mu buhinzi bw'ibimera, kandi igaragaza ko hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bitazwi neza mu ikoreshwa ry'amatara ya LED mu buhinzi bw'ibimera. Hanyuma, hashyizweho ibitekerezo bya tekiniki na gahunda zo guteza imbere amatara ya LED akoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'ibimera. Byakagombye kugaragazwa ko hari n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigomba kwitabwaho mu ishyirwaho n'ikoreshwa ry'urumuri, nko intera iri hagati y'urumuri n'ikimera, urwego rw'imirasire y'itara, n'uburyo bwo gushyira urumuri hamwe n'amazi asanzwe, ifumbire n'ubutaka.

Umwanditsi: Yi Wang n'abandi. Inkomoko: CNKI